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Prof. Dr.

Nor Hashimah Hashim Pusat Pengajian Ilmu Pendidikan

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Kurang matang Kurang pengalaman Perkembangan intelektual kurang Faktor penumpuan Perkembangan bahasa kurang Faktor fizikal dan fisiologi Kurang minat Faktor pendidikan

A childs biological inheritance develops through maturation. A childs social inheritance is acquired & developed through learning. Maturation is a primary determinant of a pupils readiness for learning in general and for reading specifically.

It is an intrinsic state of the organism. It can also refer to the extrinsic acculturation of the organism known as building readiness and dependent upon appropriate stimulation, relevant learning experiences, practice & integration of information.

Maturation changes usually are orderly and sequential. Environmental conditions seem to have little effect on maturation. The nervous system develops according to its own intrinsic pattern. There seems to be very little benefit in rushing the maturation process. Practice must wait for maturation.

Teaching and other environmental stimulations such as readiness programs are not useless. Teacher cannot overemphasize maturation or experience/learning. Instruction must march slightly ahead of maturation. It might be better to be wrong by going slowly than by going too fast.

Socioecomic factors: reading materials, parents not reading regularly, language differences. Cultural factors: culture shapes thought & language. Instructional inadequacy: poor teaching, not suitable to individual needs & unsystematic, single method, classroom stimulation, practice.

Timing of introduction to reading: too early the eyes at age 6 are not physiologically ready to cope, auditory discrimination may not be adequate until age 8/9, 6 years old children are not emotionally & sosially ready to cope with intra & interpersonal pressures in the classroom. When are children ready to read? No decisive answer. There is no single criterion that applies to all children.
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Educational implication: experience, differences in learning ability (biological or environmental), sosioeconomic status, cultural differences, instructional modification (oral language skill development, method, materials, reading programs).

Intellectual development is a function of both biology & environment. Intelligence: cognitive potential, as the ability to profit from experience or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally & to deal effectively with the environment. The teacher is essentially an environmentalist encourage the child in terms of developing potential.
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Mental age: the level of mental growth that has been achieved. An average 6 year old child will have a mental age of 6. Intelligence quotient (IQ): the rate of mental growth. Cognitive development: poor memory for sequences, thinks on a concrete level, has difficulty remembering what is read, has a small recognition and speaking vocabulary for his/her age
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Has a short attention span. Cannot easily shift attention Is unable to withhold attention from stimuli. The pupil is very distractible, excitable, & hyperactive. Is very impulsive Attends equally to all stimuli. The pupils attention is not selective.

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Listening Oral language proficiency Knowledge of grammar Speech defects

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General physical conditions The sex of learner Visual deficiency visual readiness, eyemovement, eye-voice and eye-memory spans Auditory deficiency Neural inadequacy

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Determinants of reading interest: socioeconomic & cultural factors, intelligence as a factors, sex differences

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The child who is interested in reading is usually the child for whom reading satisfies: the basic needs for self-esteem and esteem of others, curiousity, the need for success and personal adequacy

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School administrative policies Methods of teaching Role of the teacher Role of the library or media center

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Dechant, Emerald. (1981). Diagnosis and Remediation of Reading Disabilities. Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey. Bond, G.L., Thinker, M.A., Wasson, B.B., Wasson, J.B. (1994). Reading Difficulties: Their Diagnosis and Correction. Allyn and Bacon. Boston.

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Sila rujuk buku atau journal. Apakah punca lain yang menyebabkan ketidakupayaan membaca.

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The winner always has a program The loser always has an excuse

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