Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

simple system analysis can be performed to develop a basic understanding of the effect of Shunt & Series Compensation on Power transmission Capacity.

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 It

is desirable both economically and technically to operate the electric power systems at near unity power factor (u.p.f). Usually power factor correction means to generate reactive power as close as possible to the load which it requires rather than generating it at a distance and transmit it to the load, as it results in not only need of a large sized conductor but also increased losses thereby reducing transmission efficiency.
Sub: APS-1
Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

Artificial injection of reactive power at the loads may relieve the transmission network from reactive power flow and improves both transmission efficiency and operating power factor where as artificial injection of negative reactance in the lines may relieve the lines from excessive voltage drop and improves the voltage regulation.
Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

Sub: APS-1

 The

methods available for the injection of both are static compensation and synchronous compensation. Static compensation involves capacitors and reactors where as synchronous compensation involves synchronous phase modifier.

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 In

all cases it is not required to satisfy both the objectives of:

increasing the power level at which the voltage profile is flat; and decreasing electrical length in order to improve power transfer level

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Short

lines may require voltage support, i.e., increase natural load

This may be achieved by shunt capacitors, provided does not become excessive as a result

Lines

longer than 500 km cannot be loaded up to natural load because of excessive

In such cases, reduction of is the first priority

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 To

control voltage and/or improve maximum power transfer capability Achieved by modifying effective line parameters: L -characteristic impedance, ZC C -electrical length, = l The voltage profile is determined by ZC The maximum power that can be transmitted depends on ZC as well as .
Sub: APS-1
Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Used

to compensate the undesirable voltage effects associated with line capacitance

limit voltage rise on open circuit or light load

Shunt

compensation with reactors:

increases effective ZC reduces the effective natural load , i.e., voltage at which flat voltage profile is achieved

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 They

are connected either:

directly to the lines at the ends, or to transformer tertiary windings; conveniently switched as var requirements vary

Line

reactors assist in limiting switching surges In very long lines, at least some reactors are required to be connected to lines

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Used

in transmission systems to compensate for I 2X losses Connected either directly to H.V. bus or to tertiary winding of transformers Normally distributed throughout the system so as to minimize losses and voltage drops Usually switched: a convenient means of controlling voltage
Sub: APS-1
Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Shunt

capacitor compensation of transmission lines in effect

decreases ZC increases , i.e., electrical length

Advantages:

low cost and flexibility of installation and operating Disadvantages: Q output is proportional to square of the voltage; hence Q output reduced at low voltages Shunt capacitors are used extensively in distribution systems for power factor correction and feeder voltage control
Sub: APS-1
Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Connected

in series with the line Used to reduce effective inductive reactance of line

increases maximum power reduces I 2X loss

Series

capacitive reduces both:

compensation

in

effect

characteristic impedance ZC, and electrical length

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

Sub: APS-1

 Reactive

power produced increases with increasing power transfer

Self regulating

Typical

applications

improve power transfer compatibility alter load division among parallel lines voltage regulation

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

(a) Power transfer as a function of transmission angle

(b) Midpoint voltage as a function of power transfer

 With

shunt capacitor compensation (chosen to keep midpoint voltage at 1.0 pu when P = 1.4 Po)

maximum power transfer capability increased to 1.58 pu of natural power (SIL); represents an increase of 0.16 pu over the uncompensated case voltage regulation is poor, i.e., the voltage magnitude is very sensitive to variations in power transfer

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 With

series capacitor compensation (chosen to keep mid point voltage at 1.0 pu when P = 1.4 Po)
maximum power transfer capability increased to 2.65 pu voltage regulation significantly improved

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Alternating

current transmission systems incorporating power electronics-based and other static controllers to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Without

fundamental research in this area, very little use will be made with full confidence of the real opportunities offered by FACTS devices. For the time being we only have limited examples, entirely based on simulation, which demonstrate that fast regulation of reactive compensation on a transmission grid could be very useful in the future. Because of this, there may exist an immediate danger of uncoordinated system-wide fast regulation via FACTS devices which could become detrimental to system integrity under certain operating conditions.
Sub: APS-1
Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Dynamic:

Transient and dynamic stability Subsynchronous oscillations Dynamic overvoltages and undervoltages Voltage collapse Frequency collapse

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Static:

Uneven power flow Excess reactive power flows Voltage capability Thermal capability

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

Long-term Control -Power Flow control -FACTS scheduling -Economics

Dynamic Control -System oscillation damping -Voltage stability -FACTS ringing

Is there a one-size-fits-all controller?

Local Control -Control target acquisition -Power electronics topology -Modulation strategies

time

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 UPFC
SSSC TCSC TCPAR

These devices can affect active power flow

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Sensitivity

analysis

bij

Where is the in capacity in response to an addition of t compensation in line i-j with admittance bij+j gij and b and g are sensitivity parameters

t change

t g

g ij

t power transfer

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Optimization

(optimal power flow) with genetic algorithms to minimize some cost function
Generation costs Congestion Problem is nonlinear, non-smooth, and non-convex Max-flow (graph theory) uses forward and backward labeling from source to sink to dynamically determine line flows

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Dynamic

Coordination of FACTS settings

Security Economics Droop

Hierarchical

or local control of FACTS?

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 transient

stability improvement inter-area oscillation damping voltage collapse avoidance subsynchronous resonance mitigation
Each control objective will (possibly) require a different FACTS placement

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 Most

dynamic control development has concentrated on SMIB or very small twoarea systems How is control implemented in a large nonlinear interconnected dynamic network?

FACTS-FACTS interaction FACTS-generator interaction

Hardware/field

verification limited
Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

Sub: APS-1

 Unbalanced
Harmonics Integration

operation

of Energy Storage (BESS, SMES, flywheels) Power electronic topologies Power electronics devices

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity

 A.

Edris et al., Proposed Terms and Definitions for Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 4, October 1997, pp. 18481853. R. Mohan Mathur and Rajiv K. Varma Thyristor-Based FACTS Controllers for Electrical Transmission Systems

Sub: APS-1

Topic: Effect on Power Transfer Capacity