1 WCDMA Fundamentals

WCDMA Fundamentals
Ashok Kumar Joshi
NSN Siemens Networks
3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
3G Data Rate evolution
WCDMA R99 3GPP 5.0 MHz 100-200 ms 384 kbps 384 kbps
WCDMA HSPA 3GPP 5.0 MHz <50 ms
3.9 G estim. 3GPP 1.25-20 MHz <10 ms Up to 100 Mbps
Standard Bandwidth Network Latency Downlink peak rate Uplink peak rate Spectral efficiency, DL Spectral efficiency, UL
1.8-14.4 Mbps
1-4 Mbps 0.2-0.8 bps/Hz 0.25 bps/Hz
Up to 50 Mbps
1.6-2.5 bps/Hz 0.6-0.8 bps/Hz
0.16 bps/Hz
0.16 bps/Hz
UTRAN
UE Uu
UTRAN
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
CN
MSC/VLR Iub Iu-CS
circuit switched (cs) domain
RNC
Uu Iur UE
RNC
Iub
Iu-PS SGSN
packet switched (ps) domain
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
UTRAN Specific Signalling and Control Protocols

RNS UE
RRC
Node B
RNC 3G-MSC/VLR
Iur: RNSAP
3G-SGSN
RNC
5 NSN Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
RNS
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

UMTS Air interface technologies WCDMA FDD WCDMA vs. GSM CDMA principle Processing gain WCDMA codes and bit rates Concepts of RSCP and Ec/No WCDMA Handovers
Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)
UMTS Air Interface technologies

UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions
WCDMA FDD WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution

FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of

networks
TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA FDD
solution, basic planning principles apply to both technologies
WCDMA FDD technology

Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
All cells at same carrier frequency Spreading codes used to separate cells and users Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz
Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies
Compatibility with GSM technology

Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS
WCDMA Technology
Frequency
f 5 MHz
WCDMA Carrier
3.84 MHz
Users share same time and frequency
5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode
Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
Time
WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers
UMTS & GSM Network Planning
GSM900/1800:
3G (WCDMA):
10
Differences between WCDMA & GSM

High bit rates
WCDMA Carrier spacing Frequency reuse factor Power control frequency Quality control Frequency diversity 5 MHz 1 1500 Hz Radio resource management algorithms 5 MHz bandwidth gives multipath diversity with Rake receiver Load-based packet scheduling Supported for improving downlink capacity GSM 200 kHz 118 2 Hz or lower Network planning (frequency planning) Frequency hopping
Services with Different quality requirements
Packet data Downlink transmit diversity
Timeslot based scheduling with GPRS Not supported by the standard, but can be applied
Efficient packet data

Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network

1 - 10 km
F3 F2 F2 F3
200 - 500 m 50 - 100 m
F1
Macro BTS
Micro BTS
F3
Pico BTSs
12
CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip
Spreading Code
Chip
+1
-1
Spread Signal
+1 -1
Air Interface
+1 -1 +1
Data
-1
13
Spreading and Despreading

Spreading Each user data bit is multiplied with a sequence of 'x' code bits called CHIPS. This 'x' determines the SPREADING FACTOR!!!! The resulting spread data is at a rate of 'x' times R Despreading The spread user data/chip sequence is multiplied with the same 'x' code chips to recover the original data.
Example: Spreading code 1 = (1, -1) Data to spread = (1,-1,1,1) Data after spreading = (1, -1).(1), (1,-1).(-1), (1,-1).1, (1,-1).1 = (1,-1, -1,1,1-1,1,-1)
Despreading : Multiply the received signal with same spreading code ( 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1).(1,-1)

1. Take first two chips = (1,-1).(1,-1) = 1+1 = 2 = +ve => 1 2. Take next two chips = (-1,1).(1,-1) = -1 -1 = -2 = -ve => 0 3. Take next two chips = (1,-1).(1,-1) = 1+1 = 2 = +ve => 1 4. Take next two chips = 1,-1).(1,-1) = 1+1 = 2 = +ve => 1
14
Energy Box
Originating Bit Received Bit
Duration (t = 1/Rb)
Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral density
15
Spreading & Processing Gain

User bit rate
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Unspread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
W const 3.84 Mchip

Processing gain:
sec
W G p dB R
16
Processing Gain Examples

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98 dB Spreading sequences have a different length Processing gain depends on the user data rate
Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Frequency (Hz)
Transmission Power
Power density
High bit rate user

Frequency
5MHz
Low bit rate user

Time
18
WCDMA Codes
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading
operation
Channelisation code Scrambling code
Channelisation code
DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels,
defines physical channel bit rate UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit rate
Scrambling code
DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency UL: separates users
19
DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA

CHANNELISATION codes:
CODE 1
Pilot Radio frame = 15 time slots
P-CPICH Pilot X
CODE 2
BCCH User 1 User 2
BCCH
P-CCPCH
X
CODE 3
User 3 SUM
User 1
X
CODE 4
DPCH1
+
SCRAMBLING CODE X
Time
User 2
X
CODE 5
DPCH2
3.84 MHz RF carrier
User 3
DPCH3
RF
3.84 MHz bandwidth

DL & UL Channelisation Codes

Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF
codes)
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512} SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the
code set equals 0 In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference between
users of same cell
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation

between different channels can be guaranteed Downlink channels under one cell Uplink channels from a single user Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an asynchronous environment Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL
Channelisation Code Tree

SF= 1 SF= 2 SF= 4
C4(0)=[1111] C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1] C2(0)=[11] C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
SF= 8
C8(0)=[11111111]
SF=1 6 C16(0)=[.........
...
SF=25 SF=51 6 2
C4(1)=[11-1-1] C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C0(0)=[1 ] C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1] C4(2)=[1-11-1] C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11] C2(1)=[1-1] C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] C4(3)=[1-1-11] C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
...] C16(1)=[......... ...] C16(2)=[......... ...] C16(3)=[......... ...] C16(4)=[......... ...] C16(5)=[......... ...] C16(6)=[......... ...] C16(7)=[......... ...] C16(8)=[......... ...] C16(9)=[......... ...] C16(10)=[......... ..] C16(11)=[........... ] C16(12)=[....... ....] C16(13=[........ ...] C16(14)=[....... ....] C16(15)=[....... ....]
22
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA

3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology
Shared high bit rate channel between users High peak bit rates Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16) Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak
rate
HSDPA
Coding rate Coding rate 1/4 QPSK 2/4 3/4 2/4 16QAM 3/4 5 codes 600 kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 10 codes 1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 15 codes 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.7 Mbps
4/4
23 NSN Siemens Networks
4.8 Mbps
9.6 Mbps
14.4 Mbps
DL & UL Scrambling Codes

DL Scrambling Codes Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated

Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically repeated to
get the scrambling code of the frame length Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future
24
Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation
Scrambling code C1
C1+2
Scrambling code C2
UE has simultaneous connection to two cells (soft handover)

RAKE Receiver
Cell-1 Rx Cell-1 Rx Cell-1 Rx Cell-2 Rx t Delay 1 Delay 2 Code used for the connection Delay 3 Finger Finger Finger Output Finger
Combination or multipath components and in DL also signals from different cells

Channelisation and Scrambling Codes

Channelisation code Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data (DPDCH) and control channels (DPCCH) from same terminal Downlink: Separation of downlink connections to different users within one cell Length 4256 chips (1.066.7 s) Downlink also 512 chips Different bit rates by changing the length of the code Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling code = spreading factor Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2) 66.7 s = 256 chips Option (2) can be used with advanced base station receivers Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips Uplink: 16.8 million Downlink: 512 Long 10 ms code: Gold code Short code: Extended S(2) code family Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission bandwidth Scrambling code Uplink: Separation of mobile Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Code family
27
Concepts of RSCP and Ec/No

Two Important Terms
RSCP Ec/No, Ec/Io
28
Scrambling Codes & CPICH
CPICH
The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is broadcast from every cell It carries no information and can be thought of as a beacon constantly transmitting the Scrambling
Code of the cell WCDMA cells are identified by their SC. Its like a BCCH in GSM
It is this beacon that is used by the phone for its cell measurements for network acquisition and
handover purposes (Ec, Ec/Io).
Total Received Power Io
Io
In a WCDMA network the User Equipment (UE) receives signals from many cells Io* = The sum total of all of these signals (dBm) *Note: Sometimes Io is referred to as No, RSSI
30
Received Power of CPICH : RSCP
RSCP 1
RSCP 2
RSCP
Using the properties of SCs the UE is able to extract the respective CPICH levels from the sites received
RSCP = The Received Power of a Particular CPICH (dBm) Ec = Energy per Chip
31
CPICH Quality (Ec/Io)
Io
RSCP
From the previous two measures we can calculate a signal quality for each CPICH (SC) received Ec/Io = (Energy per chip / Noise spectral density) = RSCP/RSSI *Note: Sometimes Ec/Io is referred to as Ec/No
Relation between Ec/Io and Eb/No
33
Handover types
Node B
Node B Node B
Sector 1
Sector 1 f1 Sector 2 f1
Frequency f1
Frequency f1
Sector 3 f1
Sector 3
Soft Handover Node B BTS
Softer Handover
RNC
UMTS
RNC
Iur
GSM900/1800
Node B
Node B
Inter-System Handover
Iub
Iub
Node B
Frequency f1 Frequency f2
Node B
Frequency f1
Frequency f1
Hard/Inter-Frequency Handover
Power control (PC) in WCDMA

Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly
in UL;
UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always interference
between users Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced capacity
Every UE accessing network increases interference

PC target to minimise the interference Minimize transmit power of each
link while still maintaining the link quality (BER)
Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing minimum required

power for each connection Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in propagation conditions (fading)
Step up/down 1500 times/second
40
Uplink power control target

Minimise required UL received power minimised UL transmit power and interference
Target: min(Prx1) & min(Prx2) About equal when Rb1 = Rb2 Ptx1 Ptx1
UE1
UE2
41
Power Control types

Power control functionality can be divided to three main types
Open loop power control

Initial power calculation based on DL pilot level/pathloss measurement by UE
Outer (closed) loop power control

Connection quality measurement (BER, BLER) and comparison to QoS
target RF quality target (SIR target) setting for fast closed loop PC based on connection quality
Fast closed loop power control

Radio link RF quality (SIR) measurement and comparison to RF quality
target (SIR target) Power control command transmission based on RF quality evaluation Change of transmit power according to received power control command
Power Control types
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
MS
Closed Loop Power Control
BS
DL Outer Loop Power Control
UL Outer Loop Power Control
RN C
BLER target
43
Power control in HSPA

In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is kept
constant and the signal modulation and coding is adapted according to the channel conditions
2 ms interval 500 Hz
In HSUPA (UL)
The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilises both
Fast closed loop power control Outer loop power control Both work according to similar principles as the R99 power control
44
Handover Control (HC)

HC is responsible for:
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the
network coverage area Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
Soft handover
MS handover between different base stations Softer handover MS handover within one base station but between different sectors Hard handover MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM
45
Thank you for your attention
46

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WCDMA Fundamentals

Ashok Kumar Joshi

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

3G Data Rate evolution

WCDMA HSPA 3GPP 5.0 MHz <50 ms

3.9 G estim. 3GPP 1.25-20 MHz <10 ms Up to 100 Mbps

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

packet switched (ps) domain

Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

UTRAN Specific Signalling and Control Protocols

Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

UMTS Air Interface technologies

WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution

WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of

WCDMA FDD technology

Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Compatibility with GSM technology

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Users share same time and frequency

5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode

Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA

WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier

TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

UMTS & GSM Network Planning

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Differences between WCDMA & GSM

Services with Different quality requirements

Packet data Downlink transmit diversity

Efficient packet data

Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Spreading and Despreading

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Spreading & Processing Gain

Power density (Watts/Hz)

Unspread narrowband signal

Spread wideband signal

Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

W const 3.84 Mchip

NSN Siemens Networks

3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Processing Gain Examples

Power density (W/Hz)

Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

Power density (W/Hz)

High bit rate user