1 Evolutionandtypeofstructures 091209082623 Phpapp01

I. Evolution of Aircraft Structures II.
Types of Aircraft Structures:

A. B. C. D. E. F. G.
03/29/13
AVAF 209 Aircraft Structures II

That Produce Lift That Produce Control That Modify Lift That Aid Control That Hold People That Support the Aircraft on the Ground That Hold the Powerplant Rotorcraft Author: Harry L. Whitehead
H.
Wright brothers
Wilbur
Orville
03/29/13
Author: Harry L. Whitehead
Gustave Whitehead
03/29/13
Structure of early machines: Wings of bent wooden ribs covered with fabric Body of open frameworks of wood strips lashed together with wire Landing gear were skids
03/29/13
Structure of early machines: Control surfaces small wings Wing Warping
03/29/13
Up to World War I: drag problem
03/29/13
World War I: Biplane open cockpits radial engines
03/29/13
World War I: metal tube truss construction Welded thinwalled metal tube covered with fabric lighter weight and stronger
03/29/13 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 8
1920s and 30s: Stressed-Skin construction
03/29/13
03/29/13
10
1920s and 30s:
Aluminum skin
03/29/13
11
1920s and 30s: Aluminum structure MONOCOQ UE construction
I. Evolution of Aircraft Structures II. Types of Aircraft Structures: A. That Produce Lift B. That Produce Control C. That Modify Lift D. That Aid Control E. That Hold People F. That Support the Aircraft (Ground) G. That Hold the Powerplant H. Rotorcraft
03/29/13
12
Since 1930s: SEMI-MONOCOQUE construction
03/29/13
13
Since 1930s:
High altitude flight
03/29/13
14
Early 1950s:
15
Part 91: Operating and Flight Rules Special Inspections:
Aloha Airlines Patio Seating Part 91 General Boeing 737-297 General Required Equipment April 28, 1988

Maintenance Requirements Inspections Special Inspections Maintenance Records
Altimeter & Static System, Transponder, ELT, Hard/Overweight Landing, Severe Turbulence, Aging Aircraft Aging Aircraft 91.410 For certain older Large Aircraft the Pressure Vessel must be specially inspected after so many Pressurization Cycles Also, after Dec. 16, 2008 all turbine-powered transport category aircraft must have their fuel tank systems specially inspected and maintained
Structures That Produce Lift:
03/29/13
17
Structures That AIRFOI Produce Lift: L LEADING EDGE

TRAILING EDGE ASYMMETRICAL SYMMETRICAL
03/29/13
18
Structures That Produce Lift: To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK Lift Theories: Bernoullis Principle
03/29/13
19
HOW?
03/29/13
21
03/29/13
22
03/29/13
23
Structures That Produce Lift: To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK Lift Theories: Newtons Laws
03/29/13
24
Structures That Produce Lift: To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK Lift Theories: Newtons Laws Downwash Angle
03/29/13
25
Structures That Produce Lift: To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK Lift Theories: Newtons Laws Greater Downwash Angle
03/29/13
26
Structures That Produce Lift: To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK Lift Theories: Newtons Laws Too Much Downwash Angle
STALL!
03/29/13
27
Structures That Produce Lift: To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK Lift Theories: Newtons Laws = Too Little Downwash Angle
STALL!
03/29/13
28
Structures That Produce Lift: To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
03/29/13
29
Structures That Produce Lift: To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE CENTER OF OF ATTACK GRAVITY CENTER OF LIFT NOSE-HEAVY AIRCRAFT
03/29/13
30
Structures That Produce Lift: To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF EXTERNAL ATTACK CANTILEVER (NO STRUTS)
03/29/13
31
Structures That Produce Lift: To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK WINGLETS
03/29/13
32
Structures That Produce Lift: To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK WINGLETS
03/29/13
33
Structures That Produce Control: To successfully fly, there needs
to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft 3 AXES:

LATERAL AXIS PITCH
03/29/13
34

LONGITUDINAL AXIS ROLL (BANK)
03/29/13
35

VERTICAL AXIS YAW
03/29/13
36
to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft PRIMARY CONTROLS:

ELEVATOR AILERONS RUDDER
03/29/13
37
to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft PITCH:
38

ELEVATOR HORIZONTAL STABILIZER EMPENNAGE TAIL LOAD
03/29/13
39

WHEEL OR STICK PULLED BACK TAIL LOAD INCREASED NOSE UP
Author: Harry L. Whitehead 40

STABILATOR
41
to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft ROLL:
42
to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft ROLL: AILERONS
43
44
to be some way to control the maneuvering of theLEFT aircraft ROLL: AILERONS BANK
45
46

ADVERSE YAW
47

ADVERSE YAW
48

ADVERSE YAW 4 WAYS TO COMBAT IT: 1. PILOT RUDDER ACTION ONLY
49

ADVERSE YAW 2. DIFFERENTIAL TRAVEL
50

ADVERSE YAW 3. FRISE (freeze) TYPE AILERON
51

ADVERSE YAW 4. RUDDER-AILERON INTERCONNECT SPRINGS
52
to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft ROLL: SPOILERS
03/29/13
53
to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft ROLL: SPOILERS
03/29/13
54
to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft YAW:
03/29/13
55
to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft YAW:

RUDDER VERTICAL STABILIZER
03/29/13
56
to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft YAW: RUDDER

PEDALS IN COCKPIT
03/29/13
57
to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft YAW: RUDDERVATORS
03/29/13
58
to be some way to control the Elevator Action maneuvering of the aircraft YAW:
RUDDERVATORS
Rudder Action
03/29/13
59
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): TO DECREASE STALLSPEED TO ALLOW HIGHER ANGLES OF ATTACK TO CONTROL THE BOUNDARY LAYER
03/29/13
60
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): TO DECREASE STALLSPEED FLAPS TRAILING EDGE LEADING EDGE
03/29/13
61
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): TRAILING EDGE FLAPS
03/29/13
62
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): TRAILING EDGE FLAPS PLAIN FLAP
03/29/13
63
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): TRAILING EDGE FLAPS SPLIT FLAP
03/29/13
64
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): TRAILING EDGE FLAPS SLOTTED FLAP
03/29/13
65
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): TRAILING EDGE FLAPS FOWLER FLAP
03/29/13
66
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): TRAILING EDGE FLAPS TRIPLE SLOTTED FOWLER FLAP
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): LEADING EDGE FLAPS DROOPED KRUEGER
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): TO ALLOW HIGHER ANGLES OF ATTACK SLOTS SLATS
03/29/13
69
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): SLOTS
03/29/13
70
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): TO DECREASE STALL SPEED TO ALLOW HIGHER ANGLES OF ATTACK SLATS
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): TO DECREASE STALL SPEED TO ALLOW HIGHER ANGLES OF ATTACK SLATS
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): TO CONTROL THE BOUNDARY LAYER UPPER SURFACE SUCTION FLAP AUGMENTATION
03/29/13
73
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES): TO DECREASE STALL SPEED TO ALLOW HIGHER ANGLES OF ATTACK SUCTION
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: STALL CONTROL DEVICES: WANT WING ROOT TO STALL FIRST
03/29/13
75
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: STALL CONTROL DEVICES: WANT WING ROOT TO STALL FIRST STALL STRIP OR TWISTED WING
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: STALL CONTROL DEVICES: SHOCK INDUCED SEPARATION @ Critical Mach Number
03/29/13
77
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: STALL CONTROL DEVICES: SHOCK INDUCED SEPARATION VORTEX GENERATORS
03/29/13
78
Structures That Modify Lift: the Landing and Takeoff To shorten rolls and to allow more weight to be carried: STALL CONTROL DEVICES: SHOCK INDUCED SEPARATION VORTEX GENERATORS TIP VORTICES
Structures That Aid Control: To allow the aircraft to be flown Hands-off and to aid the pilot in moving the controls: SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS: FIXED TRIM TAB
03/29/13
80
Structures That Aid Control: To allow the aircraft to be flown Hands-off and to aid the pilot in moving the controls: SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS: ADJUSTABLE TRIM TAB
03/29/13
81
Structures That Aid Control: To allow the aircraft to be flown Hands-off and to aid the pilot in moving the controls: SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS: SERVO TAB
03/29/13
82
Structures That Aid Control: To allow the aircraft to be flown Hands-off and to aid the pilot in moving the controls: SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS: ANTI-SERVO TAB
03/29/13
83
Structures That Aid Control: To allow the aircraft to be flown Hands-off and to aid the pilot in moving the controls: SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS: SPRING TAB
03/29/13
84
Structures That Aid Control: To allow the aircraft to be flown Hands-off and to aid the pilot in moving the controls: OTHER AIDS: RUDDER OVERHANG OR BALANCE SURFACE
03/29/13
85
Structures That Aid Control: To allow the aircraft to be flown Hands-off and to aid the pilot in moving the controls: OTHER AIDS:
AERODYNAMIC BALANCE PANEL
03/29/13
86
Structures That Hold People: To protect the crew and passengers, withstand the stresses created in flight and landing, and mount all other major components Truss Pratt Longerons Struts Wire Stays
Structures That Hold People: To protect the crew and passengers, withstand the stresses created in flight and landing, and mount all other major components Truss Warren Metal Tubing
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:

Conventional Landing Gear: Tail Wheel 2 Main Wheels Tail Dragger
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
03/29/13
89

Conventional Landing Gear: Ground Loop Visibility on Ground
03/29/13
90

Tricycle Landing Gear: Nose Wheel 2 Main Wheels
03/29/13
91

Drag Problems: Fixed Gear
03/29/13
92

Drag Problems: Fixed Gear Wheel Fairings Wheel Pants Streamlines

Drag Problems: Retractable Gear
03/29/13
94

Other Types of Landing Gear: Floats With wheels = Amphibian
03/29/13
95

Other Types of Landing Gear: Seaplane With wheels = Amphibian
03/29/13
96
That Hold the Powerplant: To hold the Powerplants in

position,absorb the vibration, and cool and streamline them:
Reciprocating (Piston) Engines: The engine is attached inside the cowling to an ENGINE MOUNT which may be: Semimonocoq ue Welded tubular
03/29/13
97

Reciprocating (Piston) Engines: The engine is attached inside the cowling to an ENGINE MOUNT which may be Semimonocoque Welded tubular Rails or Cradle

Reciprocating (Piston) Engines: On all, the engine is attached to the mount by RUBBER SHOCK MOUNTS Known generically as Lord Mounts
03/29/13
Isolate engine Author: vibrations from
Harry L. Whitehead
99

Turbine (Jet) Engines: Turbine engines are mounted in PODS or NACELLES under the wings or on the side of the rear fuselage or inside the fuselage The pods are attached with 03/29/13
Author: Harry L. Whitehead 100

Turbine (Jet) Engines:
03/29/13
101
Rotorcraft:
03/29/13
102
Structures : Rotorcraft:
03/29/13
103
03/29/13
104

1 Evolutionandtypeofstructures 091209082623 Phpapp01

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 Evolutionandtypeofstructures 091209082623 Phpapp01

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

I. Evolution of Aircraft Structures II.

Types of Aircraft Structures:

AVAF 209 Aircraft Structures II

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Structure of early machines: Control surfaces small wings Wing Warping

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Up to World War I: drag problem

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

World War I: Biplane open cockpits radial engines

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

1920s and 30s: Stressed-Skin construction

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

1920s and 30s:

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

1920s and 30s: Aluminum structure MONOCOQ UE construction

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Since 1930s: SEMI-MONOCOQUE construction

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

High altitude flight

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Part 91: Operating and Flight Rules Special Inspections:

Maintenance Requirements Inspections Special Inspections Maintenance Records

Structures That Produce Lift:

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Structures That AIRFOI Produce Lift: L LEADING EDGE

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Structures That Produce Control: To successfully fly, there needs

to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft 3 AXES:

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Structures That Produce Control: To successfully fly, there needs

to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft 3 AXES:

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Structures That Produce Control: To successfully fly, there needs

to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft 3 AXES:

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Structures That Produce Control: To successfully fly, there needs

to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft PRIMARY CONTROLS:

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Structures That Produce Control: To successfully fly, there needs

to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft PITCH:

Author: Harry L. Whitehead

Structures That Produce Control: To successfully fly, there needs

to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft PITCH:

Author: Harry L. Whitehead