Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Learning Objectives
Physical properties associated with sound travel in water Why sound energy is employed for surveillance and detection Sound propagation losses Self-noise and ambient noise, SNR Comprehend concept of FOM
Learning Objectives
Effects of temperature, pressure, and salinity Know basic thermal and sound-velocity structure of the ocean Comprehend use of Snells Law Comprehend the three basic sound-speed gradients Basic properties of ocean currents
Concepts of Sound
Three (3) elements required for this to work
Source Medium Detector (Receiver)
The source VIBRATES causing a series of compressions and rarefactions in a medium Most concepts already discussed will apply
Transmission Losses
Spreading
Spherical (omni-directional point source) Cylindrical (horizontal radiation only)
Questions?
WEDNESDAY:
FRIDAY:
Review
EXAM 1
Self Noise
Machinery Noise
Pumps, reduction gears, power plant, etc.
Flow Noise
Relative motion between the object and the water High speed causes more noise (more friction) Hull fouling - Animal life on hull (not smooth) Want LAMINAR flow
Cavitation
Local pressure behind allows steam to form (low pressure area) Bubbles collapse, VERY NOISY
Screw Cavitation
Sheet Cavitation
Water Flow
Screw Speed , Pressure behind screw blades , Water Boils, Bubbles form, The subsequent collapsing of the bubbles cause the noise.
Ambient Noise
Hydrodynamic
Caused by the movement of water. Includes tides, current, storms, wind, rain, etc.
Seismic
Movement of the earth (earthquakes)
Biological
Produced by marine life Passive and active
Ocean Traffic
At long ranges only low frequencies are present.
S - N > DT
TL
NL SL-TL-NL+DI=DT
SL
SL - 2TL + TS - NL + DI > DT
Reverberation Noise Limited: (Reverb > ambient noise)
SL - 2TL + TS - RL > DT
TS: Target Strength, A measure of the reflectivity of the target to an active sonar signal.
2TL NL SL
TS
SL - 2TL + TS - NL + DI > DT
SOUND IS LAZY!!
SOUND IS LAZY!!
Variable Effects of: Salinity
Salinity
Pressure
Pressure
Temperature
Temperature
Depth
Depth
Depth
Permanent Thermocline
Depth of Water (meters) 1000
2000
3000
SOUND IS LAZY!!
Snells Law
Sound will bend TOWARDS the region of SLOWER sound speed. Sound is lazy!
ISOVELOCITY
Temperature
Range
Transducer Depth
Negative Gradient
Direction of Increasing Temperature and Velocity Depth Water Warm
T C
Depth
Shadow Zone
Water Cool
Positive Gradient
Depth
Direction of Increasing Temperature and Velocity Water Cool T C Shadow Zone Water Warm Positive Gradient Thermal Structure When Temperature Increases with Depth, Sound Bends Sharply Up
Layer Depth
Direction of Increasing Temperature and Velocity Depth Depth Isothermal Shadow Zone
C
Temperature Cool Sound Beam Splits When Temperature Is Uniform At Surface and Cool At Bottom
Sound Channel
Direction of Increasing Temperature and Velocity Depth Depth Water Warm
T C
Shadow Zone
3-4 deg
T C
Bottom Bounce
>25 Deg.
Sound
Channel
Questions?