FM 301

PART A: Flow of Solids Through Bins PART B: Pneumatic Conveying

Group A8/A: Rishikesh Awale 10D020009 Subahsh Chand Meena 100020028 Saurabh Suman 100020064 Durga Prasad Meena 100020025

PART A: Flow of Solids Through Bins

MOTIVATION
Several Chemical Processes require transport of

powder form materials

Major examples are cement and pharmaceutical

industry
The transportation of the powders is affected by

various parameters which we want to study.

AIM
To study the effect of the powder level above the

exit on the mass flow rate.

To study the effect of particle diameter and orifice

diameter on the mass flow rate.

THEORY
Particulate solids bear resemblance to both solids and

liquids Liquids
Take shape of container Flow through orifices Exert normal pressure on container walls

Solids Shear stress is proportional to the normal load Can sustain a shear stress

THEORY
The discharge rate depends on the orifice diameter,

particle density and acceleration due to gravity.

Two correlations based on Dimensional Analysis Ignoring particle diameter effect

Beverloos Correlation

PROCEDURE
Fix an orifice plate at the bottom of the bin
Fill the bin with the sand up to height h keeping the

exit closed. Open the exit and start the stop-watch at the same time. Record the time required to empty the bin Accurately weigh the sand thus collected Repeat the experiment for different sand levels and then for different orifice plates Redo the steps for different particulate size.

OBSERVATIONS

OBSERVATIONS

RESULTS

DISCUSSIONS

SOURCES OF ERROR AND PRECAUTIONS

The stop watch should be started simultaneously as the cork is

removed. mark.

The sand level in the bin should be maintained at the given Care should be taken that the sand does not fall out of the

container.

The orifice should be placed such that it is inclining downwards

like the inner side of a funnel

While changing the sand it should be seen that there is no

amount of sand, with different particle size left over.

PART B: Pneumatic Conveying

MOTIVATION
Pneumatic Conveying refers to the moving of solids

suspended in or forced by a gas stream through horizontal and/or vertical pipes.

Pneumatic conveyors are compact and require less

maintenance than conveyor belts and other transportation systems.

Major industrial applications include cement plants

and food grains industry.

AIM
To study qualitatively the different flow regimes for

different gas and solids flow rate for horizontal pneumatic conveying.
To measure pressure drops for gas-solid flow for

different gas and solids flow rates.

THEORY
Dilute phase transport
When the gas volume flow rates are much higher that that of the solids, the transport of solids is said to be in the dilute phase. In this case there is a nearly uniform distribution of solids across the pipe cross-section of the pipe and along its axis

Dense phase transport

When the gas volume flow rates are much higher that that of the solids, the transport of solids is said to be in the dilute phase. In this case there is a nearly uniform distribution of solids across the pipe cross-section of the pipe and along its axis

FORMULAE
Dilute Phase Regime Dense Phase Regime

where = density, u = velocity, = volume fraction of gas in the pipe and the subscripts f and p refer to fluid and particle respectively,L is the length of the pipe, and m = Gp /Gf is the ratio of solid to gas mass flow rates, Cds is the drag coefficient for a single particle moving through the fluid at a velocity (uf up).

PROCEDURE
Adjust the air flow rate to a high value using the rotameter. Open the solids flow valve to allow for flow rate of the

particles. Keep the solids flow rate constant throughout the experiment. After steady state is reached, measure the mass flow rate of solids by collecting the solids in the beaker for a fixed time interval. Make qualitative observations of the flow patterns. Note down the pressure drop in the manometer. Decrease the air flow rate and repeat the steps (3-4). Note the particle diameter and density.

OBSERVATIONS

OBSERVATIONS

DISCUSSION

DISCUSSION

SOURCES OF ERROR AND PRECAUTIONS

The readings should only be taken once steady state is

achieved and the pressure difference becomes constant.

Collection of sand and starting of stop watch should be

simultaneous and the actual time should be considered while doing the calculations.
The stopping of stop watch and the removal of mug should

also be simultaneous.
The hopper should be continuously refilled with sand.