Session 6 (Power Electronic Controllers)

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PEMP EMP2506
Session 6 Power Electronic Controllers
Session Speaker Thejaswini R
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore
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PEMP EMP2506
Session Objectives
Students will be able to learn about: Introduction Limitations of Transmission systems Principle of series and shunt compensation FACTs controllers and their modelling Static condenser, Static phase shifter TCR, SVC, TCSC, STATCOM, SSSC, UPFC Harmonics analysis Source of power system harmonics Propagation, modelling, Elimination.
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Session Topics
Introduction to power electronic controllers
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Session Topics
Facts
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Introduction
The AC transmission system has various limits classified as static limits and dynamic limits. Desired performance was not being able to achieve effectively. There was greater need for the alternative technology made of solid state devices with fast response characteristics.
Invention of Thyristor switch (semiconductor device), opened the door for the development of power electronics devices known as Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers.
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Introduction
Below are some of the drawbacks faced on the present common used devices in present Power Grid Technology. 1) long Switching Periods 2) High power loss 3) Slow response to system power change 4) Low System Stability
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Introduction
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The development and growth in the power industry requires the power transmission systems to be highly stable with maximum thermal limits
For a profitable operation of generation, transmission and distribution system, the incorporation of advanced technology and increased efficiency in utilization and control of the existing power transmission system infrastructure are mandatory
FACTS technology allows us to achieve quality and reliability of the transmission systems with minimum investment
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FACTS
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It is an evolving technology-based solution envisioned to help the utility industry to deal with changes in the power-delivery business
It is a new integrated concept based on power electronic switching converters and dynamic controllers to enhance the system utilization and power transfer capacity as well as the stability, security, reliability and power quality of AC system interconnections
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FACTS controllers
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Shunt-connected Controllers
A shunt controller may be a variable impedance or a variable source frequency or it may be a combination of both The function of the shunt controller is to inject current into the transmission line at the point of installation When the injected current is in-phase quadrature with the overhead line voltage, this controller controls only supplies or consumes the variable reactive power If injected current is not inphase quadrature with the line voltage, it controls the active power also
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Series-Connected Controller
Series controllers may be a variable impedance or a variable source frequency The function of the series controller is to inject voltage in series with the transmission line Even though the current that flows through the transmission line gets multiplied with the variable impedance, the voltage obtained represents an injected series voltage in the line When the injected voltage is inphase quadrature with the over head line current, this controller controls only the variable reactive power and if injected voltage is not inphase quadrature with the line current, it controls active power also
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 11
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Combined shunt and series- connected controllers

By combining individual shunt and series connected controllers in a coordinated manner, a new type of controller can be obtained The main function of this controller is to inject the current into the system and to inject voltage in series with the line
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FACTS key devices

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
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Static Synchronous Compensator

It is a static synchronous generator as shunt static var compensator whose capacitive or inductive current can be controlled independent of the system voltage.
The STATCOM scheme in parallel with AC power grid system and is controlled by a dynamic controller
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STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR
It is a static synchronous generator operated without an

external energy source as a series compensator. The output voltage is in quadrature with and controllable independently of the line current. It is increase or decrease the overall reactive voltage drop
across the line and thereby controlling the transmitted

electric power.
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Series Compensated Network Application

Three-Phase Series Compensated Network
Open this block to visualize recorded signals Machine initialized for P=1500 MW Vt=13.8kV Pm
m A B C a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3
300 MVA 735/230 kV
A B C
Data Acquisition
250 MW
-C-CE
Pm E
A B C
a b c
aA bB cC
A B C
a b c
A B C
a b c
A B C
a b c
aA bB cC
A B C
a b c
aA bB cC
A B C
SSM B
C
6*350MVA 13.8 kV
A B C
A A B B C C
6*350 MVA 13.8/735 kV
B1
CB1
Line 1 (300 km) Fault Breaker
Series Comp. 1
A B C
CB2
B2
A B C
Series Comp. 2
Line 2 (300 km)
B3
30,000 MVA 735 kV
100 MW
330 Mvar
330 Mvar
Discrete, Ts = Ts s.
The 'Model initialization function' defined in the Model Properties automatically sets the sample time Ts to 50e-6 s
? Double-click here for info
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Series Compensated Network

c 1 2
Discrete, Ts = 5e-005 s.
Gap RL Damp.
i -
Scope
MOV
IMOV 1
Cs
+ v -
out
UCsa
Scope1
K Ts z-1 Discrete-Time Integrator 30e6 MOV Energy Threshold >
1 z
Latch
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UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (UPFC)
The UPFC scheme consists of two basic switching power converter namely shunt and series converters connected to each other through a dc link capacitor The shunt converter operates exactly as STATCOM for reactive power compensation and voltage stabilization
The series converter operates as SSSC to control the real power flow
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FACTS technology: Opportunities

Control power so that it flows on the desired routes.
Increase loading capacity of transmission lines. Prevent blackouts. Improve generation productivity. Effective use of upgrading/ uprating
A set of hybrid electromagnetic guiding system[2]
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Control of Power Systems

FACTS is designed to meet planners, investors and operators goals without their having to undertake major system additions It can remove the following constraints
Transmission stability limit Voltage limits Loop flows
It enables different ways of attaining an increase of power transmission capacity at optimum conditions Power quality improvement and protecting equipment in transmission and distribution is another major reason for the implementation of the FACTS technology
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Benefits
When FACTS controllers are used, the following improvements in the power system may be obtained: Stability Loading capability Security and reliability Added flexibility in setting new generation No need for additional transmission lines
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FACTS for minimizing grid investment

The important incentive for considering FACTS in grid planning is that it is economically-attractive alternative for investments in more transmission lines By considering series compensation from the very beginning, power transmission between regions can be planned with a minimum of transmission circuits, there by minimizing costs as well as environmental impact from the start
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Transmission line voltage regulation
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The natural active and reactive power flows (Prn and Qrn) at the receiving end are
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SVC
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Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)
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STATCOM
Shunt device Lower rated components since only carry a fraction of the line current Impacts bus voltage and reactive power support
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SSSC
Series device Must have higher rated transformer and devices iImpacts active power flow
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UPFC
Combination of STATCOM and SSSC Mmay control voltage, impedance, and angle Impacts active and reactive power flow in line
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UPFC Topology
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PSS and SVC Application

m Pm Vf _ A B C A B C a b c
B1
aA bB cC
B2
aA bB cC
B3
aA bB cC
M1 1000 MVA
A B C A B C
A B
1000 MVA 13.8 kV/500 kV
L1 350 km
L2 350 km Load 5000 MW
Fault Breaker
Vf Pref
Pref1 Turbine & Regulators M1

<Vm (pu)> <B (pu)>
0.95
SVC (Phasor Type)
SVC
Pm Vf _
Pm
m A B C A B C a b c
M2 5000 MVA SVC

Pm m
5000MVA 13.8 kV/500 kV
V P
V pos, seq. B1 B2 B3 (pu) Line power (MW)
Vf
Pref
0.809094 Pref2
Turbine & Regulators M2 System
-CGeneric -CMulti-Band -Cno PSS

PSS
PV Measurements
d_theta1_2 w1 w2 Vt1 Vt2 stop d_theta1_2 (deg) w1 w2 (pu) Vt1 Vt2 (pu)
Show comparison Detailed vs Phasor simulation Machines STOP Show impact of PSS for 1-phase fault
Show impact of SVC for 3-phase fault
Machine Signals
Stop Simulation if loss of synchronism
Phasors powergui
Transient stability of a two-machine transmission system with Power System Stabilizers (PSS) and Static Var Compensator (SVC)
This demo requires the Control System Toolbox
? info
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Shunt Compensation
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Shunt Compensation
The active powers at bus 1 and bus 2 are equal ,
The injected reactive power by the capacitor to regulate the voltage at the mid-point of the transmission line is calculated as : The transmitted power can be significantly increased, and the peak point shifts from =90 to =180 The operation margin and the system stability are increased by the shunt compensation The reactive power compensation at the end of the radial line is especially effective in enhancing voltage stability
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Series Compensation
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Series Compensation
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FACTS Applications and Implementations

Transmission Transfer Capacity Enhancement
Steady State Issues
Voltage Limits Thermal Limits Angular Stability Limits Loop Flows
Traditional Solutions Breaking Resistors Load Shedding Fixed Compensation Line Reconfiguration Better Protection Increased Inertia Advanced Solutions FACTS Energy Storage
Dynamic Issues
Transient Stability Damping Power Swings Post-Contingency Voltage Control Voltage Stability Subsynchronous Res.
Transmission Link FACTS
Enhanced Power Transfer and Stability

SVC STATCOM TCSC, SSSC UPFC
Devices
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How are Harmonics Produced ?

Power system harmonics: presenting deviations from a perfect sinusoidal-waveform (voltage or current waveform). The distortion comes from a Nonlinearity caused by saturation, electronic-switching and nonlinear electric loads, Inrush/Temporal/Arc/Converter/Limiter/Threshold Type Loads.
Figure: 2 [1]
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Why Bother about Harmonics?

50-60% of all electrical Ac Systems in North America operate with non-linear type loads Power-Quality-PQ Issues & Problems Damage to Power Factor Correction capacitors Waveform Distortion can create SAG/SWELL/NOTCHING/RINGING/ All can cause damage effects to consumer loads and power systems due to Over-Current/Over-Voltage or Waveform Distortion Additional Power/Energy Losses
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Loads Producing Harmonic Currents

Electronic lighting ballasts/Controls Adjustable speed Motor-Drives Electric Arc Welding Equipment Solid state Industrial Rectifiers Industrial Process Control Systems Uninterruptible Power Supplies ( UPS )systems Saturated Inductors/Transformers LAN/Computer Networks
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Current vs. Voltage Harmonics

Harmonic current flowing through the AC Power System impedance result in harmonic voltage-drop at the load bus and along the Feeder!!
Figure: 3 [3]
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Calculation of THD
THD: Ratio of the RMS of the harmonic content to the RMS of the Fundamental [3]
Current THD-I
(
Voltage THD-V
(
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Harmonics and Parallel Resonance Circuit

Harmonic currents produced by variable speed motor-drives: can be amplified up to 10-15 times in parallel resonance circuit formed by the capacitance bank and network inductance [5] Amplified/intensified harmonic currents: leading to internal overheating of the capacitor unit. Higher frequency currents: causing more losses than 60hz currents having same amplitude
Parallel resonance circuit and its equivalent circuit

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Harmonics and Series Resonance Circuit

The voltage of upstream AC Network can be also distorted due to series/parallel resonance formed by capacitance of the capacitor bank and System/load inductance : Ca cause high harmonic current circulation through the capacitors [5]
Parallel Resonance can also lead to high voltage distortion.
Series resonance circuit and its equivalent circuit
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Measure Equipments of Harmonics

Digital Oscilloscope: Wave shape, THD and Amplitude of each harmonic True RMS Multi-Meter: Giving correct readings for distortion-free sine waves and typically reading low when the current waveform is distorted
Use of Harmonic Meters-Single Phase or three Phase
True RMS Multi-Meter M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 43
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Standards for Harmonics Limitation IEEE/IEC

IEEE 519-1992 Standard: Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems (Current Distortion Limits for 120v-69kv DS)
Table 1: Current Harmonic Limits
44 M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore
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Standard of Harmonics Limitation (contd)

IEEE 519-1992 Standard: Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems (Voltage Distortion Limits)
Table 2: Voltage Harmonic Limits
45 M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore
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Mitigation Of Harmonics
PEMP EMP2506
Ranging from variable frequency motor- drive to other nonlinear loads and equipments Power System Design: Limiting the non-linear load penetration to 30% of the maximum transformers capacity Limiting non-linear loads to 15% of the transformers capacity, when power factor correction capacitors are installed. Avoiding/Detuning resonant conditions on the AC System:
hr = resonant frequency as a multiple of the fundamental frequency kVAsc = short circuit current as the point of study kVARc = capacitor rating at the system voltage
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Mitigation the Effects of Harmonics (contd)
PEMP EMP2506 [1]
Delta-Delta and Delta-Wye Transformers Using two separate utility feed transformers with equal non-linear loads Shifting the phase relationship to various six-pulse converters through cancellation techniques
Delta-Delta and Delta-Wye Transformers

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Mitigation the Effects of Harmonics [1]
(contd)
Isolation-Interface Transformers The potential to voltage match by stepping up or stepping down the system voltage, and by providing a neutral ground reference for nuisance ground faults The best solution when utilizing AC or DC drives that use SCR/GTO/SSR.. as bridge rectifiers Line Isolation-Reactors More commonly used for their low cost Adding a small reactor in series with capacitor bank forms a Blocking series Filter. Use diode bridge rectifier as a front end to avoid severe harmonic power quality problems
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Harmonic-Shunt or Trap Filters: Used in applications with a high non-linear ratio to system to eliminate harmonic currents Sized to withstand the RMS current as well as the value of current for the harmonics Providing true distortion power factor correction
Mitigation the Effects of Harmonics (contd)

[
Typical Harmonic Trap Filter
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Harmonic Trap Filters (contd)

Tuned to a specific harmonic order such as the 5th, 7th, 11th, etc to meet requirements of IEEE 519-1992 Standard The number of tuned filter-branches depends on the offending steady-state harmonics to be absorbed and on required reactive power level to be compensated
Typical Filter Capacitor Bank
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Harmonics Filter Types

Isolating harmonic current to protect electrical equipment from damage due to harmonic voltage distortion Passive Filter-Low cost: Built-up by combinations of capacitors, inductors (reactors) and resistors most common and available for all voltage levels Active Power Filter APF: Inserting negative phase compensating harmonics into the AC-Network, thus eliminating the undesirable harmonics on the AC Power Network. APF-Used only for for low voltage networks
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Harmonic Filter Types (contd)
[7]
Unified Switched Capacitor Compensator USCS: The single line diagram (SLD) of the utilization (single-phase) or (three-phase- 4-wire) feeder and the connection of the Unified Switched- Capacitor Compensator (USCS) to the Nonlinear-Temporal Inrush /Arc type Loads or SMPSComputer/LAN-Network loads.
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Harmonics Filter Types (contd)

The USCS is a switched/modulated capacitor bank using a pulse-width modulated (PWM/SPWM) Switching Strategy. The switching device uses either solid state switch SSR-(IGBT or GTO).
Figure 11
[7]
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Need To Evaluate System Harmonics?
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The application of capacitor banks in systems where 20% or more of the load includes other harmonic generating equipment.
The facility has a history of harmonic related problems, including excessive capacitor fuse operation or damage to sensitive metering/relaying/control equipment.
During the Planning/Design stage of any facility comprising capacitor banks and nonlinear harmonic generating equipment.
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When to Evaluate System Harmonics? (contd)
[1]
In facilities where restrictive Electric Power Utility Company Standards/Guidelines limit the harmonic injection back into their system to very small magnitudes. Industrial/Commercial Plant expansions that add significant harmonic generating nonlinear type equipment operating in conjunction with capacitor banks. When coordinating and planning to add any emergency standby generator as an alternate/renewable power source
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Need for harmonic filters

Harmonic filters are shunt elements that are used in power systems for decreasing voltage distortion and for power factor correction Harmonic filters reduce distortion by diverting harmonic currents in low impedance paths. Harmonic filters are designed to be capacitive at fundamental frequency, so that they are also used for producing reactive power required by converters and for power factor correction.
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Flow chart analysis for Harmonic Filter using MATLAB
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Unified Power Quality Conditioner
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Solutions to power quality problems

The first approach is called load conditioning, which ensures that the equipment is less sensitive to power disturbances, allowing the operation even under significant voltage distortion. The other solution is to install line conditioning systems that suppress or counteracts the power system disturbances. A flexible and versatile solution to voltage quality problems is offered by active power filters. Currently they are based on PWM converters and connect to low and medium voltage distribution system in shunt or in series.
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Summary
Standard diodes are used for rectification Fast recovery diodes are must for free wheeling Analyzing a thyristor circuit, start from a diode circuit with the same topology. Behavior of the diode circuit is exactly the same as the thyristor circuit when firing angle is 0. Time- domain behavior of the power electronic circuit is the combination of consecutive transients of the different linear circuits.
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Summary
Different working principle different load Resistive load: current waveform of a resistor is the same as the voltage waveform Inductive load with a large inductor: the inductor current can be considered constant Converters can be controlled by varying conduction time power devices Single phase or Three phase converters based on the supply types Three phase converts are normally used in high power, high frequency applications
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Summary
With forced commutation power factor can be improved and lower order harmonics can be reduced The load current could be continuous or discontinuous depending on load-time constant and delay angle. The operational flexibility and controllability that FACTS has to offer will be one of the most important tools for the system operator in the changing utility environment In view of the various power system limits, FACTS provides the most reliable and efficient solution.
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Summary
The operational flexibility and controllability that FACTS has to offer will be one of the most important tools for the system operator in the changing utility environment In view of the various power system limits, FACTS provides the most reliable and efficient solution.
The high initial cost has been the barrier to its deployment, which highlight the need to device proper tools and methods for quantifying the benefits that can be derived from use of FACTS.
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Conclusions
The high initial cost has been the barrier to its deployment, which highlight the need to device proper tools and methods for quantifying the benefits that can be derived from use of FACTS The harmonic distortion Nonlinear-Type Loads. principally comes from
The application of power electronics is causing increased level of harmonics due to Switching!!
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Summary
Harmonic distortion can cause serious Failure/Damage problems. Harmonics are important aspect of power operation that requires Mitigation!! Over-Sizing and Power Filtering methods are commonly used to limit Overheating Effects of Sustained Harmonics.
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REFERENCE
FACTS Application, IEEE Power Engineering Society, FACTS Application Task Force, 1998 Y. H. Song and A. T. Johns, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), IEE Power and Energy Series 30, 1999
66

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PT12

Session 6 Power Electronic Controllers

Session Speaker Thejaswini R

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

Combined shunt and series- connected controllers

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

FACTS key devices

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

Static Synchronous Compensator

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR

It is a static synchronous generator operated without an

across the line and thereby controlling the transmitted

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

Series Compensated Network Application

300 MVA 735/230 kV

6*350 MVA 13.8/735 kV

Line 1 (300 km) Fault Breaker

Line 2 (300 km)

30,000 MVA 735 kV

? Double-click here for info

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

Series Compensated Network

K Ts z-1 Discrete-Time Integrator 30e6 MOV Energy Threshold >

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (UPFC)

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

FACTS technology: Opportunities

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

A set of hybrid electromagnetic guiding system[2]

Control of Power Systems

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

FACTS for minimizing grid investment

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

Transmission line voltage regulation

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

PSS and SVC Application

1000 MVA 13.8 kV/500 kV

L2 350 km Load 5000 MW

Pref1 Turbine & Regulators M1

SVC (Phasor Type)

M2 5000 MVA SVC

5000MVA 13.8 kV/500 kV

V pos, seq. B1 B2 B3 (pu) Line power (MW)

Turbine & Regulators M2 System

-CGeneric -CMulti-Band -Cno PSS

Show impact of SVC for 3-phase fault