Submitted To:Dr Liaqat Ali

Submitted By:Abubakar Roll No. 120426035

The United Nations

The United Nations is an international organization designed to make the

enforcement of international law, security, economic development, social progress, human rights easier for countries around the world and achievement of world peace. The United Nations includes 193 member countries and its main headquarters are located in New York City There are further main offices at Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna.

History of the United Nations

The United Nations was established to replace the flawed League of

Nations in 1945. The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was first used in the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942 during World War II representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments involved in drafting the United Nations Charter. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council France, the Republic of China(China), the Soviet Union(Russia), the United Kingdom and the United States

United Nations Charter

The Charter of the United Nations is the foundational treaty of the United

Nations. It was signed at the San Francisco on 26 June 1945, by 50 original member countries. It entered into force on 24 October 1945, after being ratified by the Five permanent members of the Security Council. Today, 193 countries are the members of the United Nations. The Charter has 19 chapters and 111 articles.

Objectives of the United Nations

To maintain international Peace and Security and to settle disputes between

the member states by peaceful means. To develop Friendly Relation among nations. To solve Economic, Social, Cultural and Humanitarian problems peacefully. To promote Respect or Human Rights and Support Freedom for all people

The structure of the United Nations

The United Nations Charter consists of 111 articles. These articles explain

how the United Nations works. The charter established six parts of the United Nations: The General Assembly. The Security Council. The Economic and Social Council. The Secretariat. The International Court of Justice. The United Nations Trusteeship Council.

Languages of The United Nations

The six Official Languages of the United Nations used in intergovernmental

meetings and documents are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. The Secretariat uses two working languages English and French. Four of the official languages are the national languages of the permanent members of the Security Council. Spanish and Arabic are the languages of the two largest blocs of official languages outside of the permanent members (Spanish being official in 20 countries, Arabic in 26). Five of the official languages were chosen when the UN was founded Arabic was added later in 1973

United Nations General Assembly

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA/GA) is one of the six

principal organs of the United Nations. The only one in which all member nations have equal representation. The General Assembly meets under its President or SecretaryGeneral. It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London. Each member country can sent its 5 representatives in GA. And they also have right to sent five Alternative Representative to GA. The last General debates were on 21-24 and 26-27 September 2011.

 Voting in The GA on important questions recommendations on peace and

security, election of members to organs, admission, suspension and expulsion of members, budgetary matters is by a two-thirds majority (Permanent Members of Security Council must be included) of those present and voting. There is one nation one vote structure in UN. Agenda The agenda for each session is planned up to seven months in advance. The main topic to be discussed in assembly should be written in agenda. UN Budget The General Assembly also approves the budget of the United Nations and decides how much money each member state must pay to run the organization . Elections The General Assembly votes in elections for the ten nonpermanent members of the United Nations Security Council. These elections take place every year and member states serve two year terms with five replaced each year.

United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the principal

organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security . The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946 at Church House, Westminster, London. Its powers are mentioned in the UN Charter and the authorization of military action. There are 15 members of the Security Council. Five veto-wielding permanent members China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. 10 elected non-permanent members with two-year terms. Security Council members must always be present at UN headquarters in New York so that the Security Council can meet at any time.

 Non-Permanent Members The current elected members are:-

1 January 2011 31 December 2012 Colombia Germany India Portugal South Africa 1 January 2012 31 December 2013 Azerbaijan Guatemala Morocco Pakistan Togo

 President Of Security Council : The role of president involves setting the agenda, presiding at its

meetings and overseeing any crisis. It is selected for 1 month from all the members of Security Council. Veto Power A negative vote, or veto, also known as the rule of great power unanimity" Each permanent member has Veto power which means if they have not agreed with any decision they can use their power against that decision. No any single decision can be taken without the agreement of permanent members.

United Nations Economic and Social Council

The main task of the Economic and Social Council is to promote and

improve the economic and social well-being of those living in the member states. It is responsible for coordinating the economic, social and related work of 14 UN specialized agencies. This council covers health, education, economic, social and cultural issues and the promotion of the position of women in the world. Members :- The Council has 54 member states, which are elected by the United Nations General Assembly for overlapping three-year terms. Seats on the Council are based on geographical representation .

 Chamber Design The Economic and Social Council Chamber in

the United Nations Conference Building was a gift from Sweden. Wood from Swedish pine trees was used in the delegates' area for the railings and doors. "unfinished" ceiling is a symbolic reminder that the economic and social work of the United Nations is never finished there will always be something more which can be done to improve living conditions for the world's people.

United Nations Secretariat

It is an intergovernmental organization charged with the promotion of

aiding states to collectively maintain international peace and security. For providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN. The activities of the Secretariat are performed by a staff of 44,000 civil servants from around the world under the leadership of the SecretaryGeneral Staff members are appointed on a temporary or permanent basis. Daily activities of UN are most often carried about the secretariat. The Secretariat comprises of a Secretary-General and it is the body that runs the United Nations.

 Secretary-General
The Secretariat is headed by The Secretary-General, who acts as

the spokesperson and leader of the UN. The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who took over from Kofi Annan of Ghana in 2007. The Secretary-General is appointed by The GA, after being recommended by the Security Council where the permanent members have Veto Power. Secretary-General shall not originate from one of the five permanent Security Council member states.

The International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the main judicial body of the

United Nations. ICJ was Established in 1945 by the United Nations Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of the International Justice. It is based in the Peace Palace in the Hague , the Netherlands. Its main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by States and to provide advisory opinions. The ICJ consists of 15 Judges and only two members come from the same country at one time. Judges are elected to 9 year terms by the GA and the UN Security Council from a list of persons nominated by the national groups.

United Nations Trusteeship Council

Now it is inactive because the last member of the Trusteeship Council

Palau is now became the member of UN. The Trusteeship Council was formed in 1945 to oversee the decolonization of those dependent territories that were to be placed under the international trusteeship system as a successor to the league Nations mandate system. Territories taken from nations defeated at the end of World War II The Trusteeship Council suspended its operation on 1 November 1994, and although under the United Nations Charter it continues to exist on paper.

Membership
There are 193 United Nations (UN) member states and each of them is a

member of the United Nations General Assembly. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security General. Original Members All the members who signed on the Charter of United Nations are Original Members. A total of 51 original members (or founding members) joined that year 50 of them signed the Charter at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco on 26 June 1945.

United Nations Peacekeeping

A unique and dynamic instrument developed by the

Organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict create the conditions for lasting peace. The Security Council sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements. The UN does not maintain its own military peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. The forces, also called the Blue Helmets. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Prize in 1988.

 Bangladesh contributed the highest number of troops with 10,855

personnel to various UN Peacekeeping Operations worldwide.

Funding
The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from

member states. The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member. USA Donates 22% of total funds. Highest than any country. Japan Donates 12.53 % Germany Donates 8.01 % UK 6.6 % Italy 4.99 %

India and United Nation

India join UN in october 1945 before acquiring

independence from UK Vijay Laksmi pandit selected first woman president of general assembly. India selected for seven times as security council member. India is contributing regular for peace keeping activities of UN India is main contributor to UN Budget .

Criticism of the United Nations.

A High Cost is waste in peacekeeping operations.
More than 110,000 troops and staff is raised for these operations. All rich countries are using peacekeeping forces for their

national interests. US regularly use United Nations forces for their national interests. As we seen in US war against Arabian Countries such as Afghanistan and Iraq they used UN forces on the name of terrorism. Rich countries at the table, poor in the field. Two of the five permanent members of the Security Council never sent out a single peacekeeping soldier - the US and China Another criticism of the Security Council involves the Veto power of the five permanent nations. They can misuse the veto power.

Thank You