Traps, Trap Types, and the Petroleum System

Trap definition
A trap consists of a geometric arrangement of permeable (reservoir) and lesspermeable (seal) rocks which, when combined with the physical and chemical properties of subsurface fluids, can allow hydrocarbons to accumulate.

Trapping Elements: 1. Trap reservoir

2. Trap seal

3. Trap fluids

Trap Boundaries: (1) Boundaries between solids, such as the contact between
reservoir and seal (2) boundaries between fluids, such as oilwater or gaswater contacts. Temperature can also control a trap boundary as displayed by gas hydrate traps.

Traps vs. accumulations: -A trap may or may not contain oil or gas.
-Accumulations, or pools, are traps that contain oil or gas.

Trapping conditions: Capillary contrasts in pore throats in the seal vs. the reservoir

Contrasts in physical/chemical properties of subsurface fluids (primarily oil, gas, and water) Rock/fluid chemical and physical interactions

Trap closure: Measure of the potential storage capacity or size of the trap defined by:
-Vertical closure is a measure of the maximum potential hydrocarbon column of the trap. -Areal closure is a measure of the maximum area of the potential hydrocarbon accumulation within the trap boundaries. -Volumetric closure integrates vertical and areal closure with pay thickness, porosity, and hydrocarbon saturation.

Trap classification: is based on the geometry, composition, and genesis of trap

boundaries.

Classifying Traps
Classification levels:

1. System
2. Regime 3. Class (Super class if necessary)
a. Subclass b. Style (if necessary)

4. Family (Super family if necessary)

a. Subfamily b. Variety (if necessary)

1-Structural Trap System

2-Stratigraphic Trap System

3-Fluidic Trap System

1+2+3

Regime:
The Process of forming the trap closure. Structural Trap: formed by folding, faulting, or fracturing? Stratigraphic Traps: formed by deposition, erosion, or diagenesis? Fluidic Traps: formed by pressure, temperature, or chemical processes?

Class:
Geometry : The shape and size of the trap elements. Composition : the makeup of the reservoir, seal, or fluid that creates
or defines the trap boundaries.

Family: The Genesis of the trap closure came into being.

For example , for an isolated marine carbonate trap, was the closure formed because of the reservoir/ seal facies relationships of a reef, an oolite bar, or a tidal channel?

Xxxx,

Cross Faulted

Wrenchrelated Fold

Classifying Combination Traps xxxx

Strike-slip Parallel/subparallel

Doubly-plunging

Y-Shear Segmented

En-echelon

Asymmetric

Wrench

Wrench

Post-fold failure

Classifying Combination Traps , A A

Structural Trap System

Fold Trap Regime Fault Trap Regime Fracture Trap Regime

Fold Trap Regime Class

Monocline Plunging Anticline (Nose) Doubly Plunging Anticline (4-way Dip Closure)

Must combine with other element for making Closure

Stand alone trap

Structural Trap System Fold Trap Regime

Class Monocline (Flexure) Plunging Anticline (Nose) Doubly Plunging Anticline (4-way Dip Closure)

Sub-Class
*Fault Cored *Drape Anticline *Symmetry *Fault Association *Tightness *Symmetry *Fault Association *Tightness

Structural Trap System

Fold Trap Regime
Class Sub-Class

Super Family
Tectonic Non Tectonic

Family
Compressional Transpressional Extensional Piercement Compaction Dissolution

Sub-Family
Thrust-Belt Foreland Inversion Simple-Shear Pure-Shear Inversion Displ. Variat. Drape Roll-over Salt Over Reef Shale Over Horst Magmat. Salt

Fold Traps
*How we can see this fold on a map view & to classify it?

Fold Traps
*How we can see this fold on a map view & to classify it?

Structural Trap System

Fold Trap Regime Fault Trap Regime Fracture Trap Regime

Fault Trap Regime Class

Normal Thrust Wrench Superimposed Complex

Structural Trap System Fault Trap Regime

Class Normal Thrust Wrench Superimposed Complex

Sub-Class
*Tilted Fault Blocks *Listric Fault *Horst Block *Over-Thrust *Detachment *Blind *Piggy-Back *Positive Flower *Negative-Flower *R-Shear *P-Shear

*+ve. Inverted Block *-ve. Inverted Block

Structural Trap System Fault Trap Regime

Class Sub-Class

Super Family
Tectonic Non Tectonic

Family
Compressional Transpressional Extensional Transtensional Piercement Compaction

Sub-Family
Foreland Thrust Oblique Conversion Rift Basin Oblique Divergent Fore-Arc Restraining Bends Delta Front Pull-apart Back-Thrust En Echelon Alignment Intra-cratonic Leaky Transform Salt Tect. Shale Tect. Magmatic Over Reef Salt Basin Delta Front

NAFTAPLIN (Egypt Branch)

EL SURR

Structural Trap System

Fold Trap Regime Fault Trap Regime Fracture Trap Regime

Fracture Trap Regime

in which lateral boundaries of the trap are provided by change from fractured reservoir to unfractured or less fractured rock or by change from open, permeable fractures to cement-filled or narrow-aperture, low permeability fractures.

Class
Extensional Shear Superimposed Complex

Structural Trap System Fracture Trap Regime

Class Extensional Shear Superimposed Complex

Sub-Class
*Parallel *Intersecting *Perpendicular *En echelon *Anastomosing *Relay *Branching *Bedding Parallel/ Perpendicular/ diagonal

Style
*Closed *Mineralized *Open Throat *Slickensided *Corrugated

Structural Trap System

Fracture Trap Regime
Class Sub-Class

Super Family
Tectonic Non Tectonic

Family
Fold-Related Fault-Related Uplift Cooling Hydrofracing Unloading Compaction

Sub-Family
Hinge Limb Conjugated Normal Thrust Wrench Rift Shoulder Extrusive Plutonic Intrusive Cratonic Plutonic Hydrothermal Solution Pressure Fracing Erosion Karst Shale Reef Horst

Ductile Deformation

Brittle Deformation

Mass of a Block Induces Normal Stress and Shear Stress

Mechanics of Fracturing& Faulting

ose and Hackle Fractures

Deformation Band

Slickensided Surface

Breccia and Gauge Mineralization

Slickensided Fractures

Mineralized Fractures

Vuggy Fractures

Linking Between Relay Fractures

Disharmony of Fracture Concentration

Intersection of Bedding and Fracture Surfaces Make a Uniform Drainage Network of Reservoir

Sismic line (time) from Razzak Field illustrating major ectono-stratigraphic events in the (AAPG field trip no. 8, 1991).

Al Ahram Field. The Cretaceous section exhibits thickening updip toward the inverted structural feature, formerly a paleo-low. (AAPG field trip no. 8, 1991

NW/SE 3D seismic profile over Qarun Field and the northeast flank of North Qarun Field. Both fields are Syrian Arc compressional fold structures that produce from Bahariya and Kharita sandstone reservoirs (AAPG field trip no. 8, 1991).

Dip profile across the central portion of the Qarun-WD19 structural ridge. (AAPG field trip no. 8, 1991)

Fill the White Boxes

Strike-slip

Parallel/subparallel

En-echelon

Mediterranean Nile Delta

Cairo

Moghra Delta

Whale Valley Area

Fayoum

W. Raian

Eastern Desert Western Desert Bahariya Oases

NAFTAPLIN (Egypt Branch)

General Stratigraphic Column

Geologic Cross Sections July Field, EGPC 1996

NAFTAPLIN (Egypt Branch)

NAFTAPLIN (Egypt Branch)

NAFTAPLIN (Egypt Branch)

(after Tewfik et al., 1992).

(after Tewfik et al., 1992). `

(modified from C. Sladen).

NAFTAPLIN (Egypt Branch)

NAFTAPLIN (Egypt Branch)

(after Tewfik et al., 1992).

(after Tewfik et al., 1992). `

(modified from C. Sladen).

NAFTAPLIN (Egypt Branch)

NAFTAPLIN (Egypt Branch)

(after Tewfik et al., 1992).

(after Tewfik et al., 1992). `

(modified from C. Sladen).

Typical text book for all type channel cross bedding

Complete barrier between two stacked channels