Good Manufacturing Practices

By: Carolina Gallango-Brun Sana Khan Vedrana Sahovic

The Early Beginnings

1900s house-calls Home remedies, ointments and miracle elixirs Entertainment and music No regulations until 1902
Fig. 1. Animation of ancient medicine show

Public Involvement
1905 - The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Exposure of unsanitary conditions in meat packing plants
Fig. 2. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

Public awareness and involvement Pure Food and Drug Act False labeling became illegal
Fig. 3. 1906 Meat processing plant

What is GMP?
Good Manufacturing Practice is a set of regulations, codes, and guidelines for the manufacture of drug substances and drug products, medical devices, in vivo and in vitro diagnostic products, and foods.

Fig.4 GMP handbooks for every industry

Good Manufacturing Practices Worldwide Enforcement

Good Manufacturing Practices are enforced in the United States by the FDA In the United Kingdom by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency GMPs are enforced in Australia by the Therapeutically Goods Administration

In India by the Ministry of Health, multinational and/or foreign enterprises

Many underdeveloped countries lack GMPs

A Time line of GMP

1902 - Development of the Biologic Control Act 1906 - Development of the Pure Food and Drug Act 1938 - Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act 1941 - Initiation of GMP 1944 - Development of Public Health Services Act 1962 - Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments released 1963 - Establishment of GMPs for Drugs 1975 - CGMPs for Blood and Components Final Rule 1976 - Medical Device Amendments 1978 - CGMPs for Drugs and Devices 1979 - GLPs Final Rule 1980 - Infant Formula Act is passed

1941 Initiation of GMP

Sulfathiaziole tablets contaminated with phenobarbital 1941 - 300 people died/injured FDA to enforce and revise manufacturing and quality control requirements 1941 - GMP is born
Fig. 5 1906 Certificate of Purity signed by doctor

1962 Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments

Thalidomide tragedy Thousands of children born with birth defects due to adverse drug reactions of morning sickness pill taken by mothers Strengthen FDAs regulations regarding experimentation on humans and proposed new way how drugs are approved and regulated Proof of efficacy law

Fig 6. Kennedy signing the Kefauver Harris Drug Amendments

1976 Medical Device Amendments

1972 and 1973 Pacemaker failures reported 1975 - hearing-Dalkon Shield intrauterine device caused thousands of injuries Class I, II and III medical devices based on degree of control necessary to be safe and effective
Fig.7 President Gerald Ford signs the Medical Device Amendments

1980 Infant Formula Act

1978 - major manufacturer of infant formula reformulated two of its soy products

1979 - Infants diagnosed with hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis Greater regulatory control over the formulation and production of infant formula

Fig.8 Parody on Infant Formula Act

Provisions
21 CFR Parts 210 and 211 (Drug Industry)

21 CFR Part 820 (Medical Device Industry)

21 CFR Part 110 (Food Industry) 21 CFR Part 606 (Blood Industry)

Part 211 Selected cGMP For Finished Pharmaceuticals

Subpart A-General Provisions Subpart B-Organization and Personnel 211.22 Responsibilities of quality control unit. 211.25 Personnel Qualifications. 211.28 Personnel responsibilities. Subpart C-Buildings and Facilities 211.46 Ventilation, air filtration, air heating and cooling. 211.58 Maintenance Subpart D-Equipment 211.63 Equipment design, size, and location. 211.65 Equipment construction. 211.67 Equipment cleaning and maintenance. 211.68 Automatic, mechanical, and electronic equipment. 211.72 Filters.

Subpart E-Control of Components and Drug Product Containers and Closures 211.80 General requirements. 211.82 Receipt and storage of untested components, drug product containers, and closures. 211.84 Testing and approval or rejection of components, drug product containers, and closures. 211.86 Use of approved components, drug product containers, and closures. Subpart F-Production and Process Controls 211.100 Written procedures; deviations. 211.101 Charge-in of components. 211.103 Calculation of yield. 211.105 Equipment identification.

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 211.25 Personnel qualifications

(a) Each person engaged in the manufacture, processing, packing, or holding of a drug product shall have education, training, and experience, or any combination thereof, to enable that person to perform the assigned functions. Training shall be in the particular operations that the employee performs and in current good manufacturing practice (including the current good manufacturing practice regulations in this chapter and written procedures required by these regulations) as they relate to the employee's functions. Training in current good manufacturing practice shall be conducted by qualified individuals on a continuing basis and with sufficient frequency to assure that employees remain familiar with CGMP requirements applicable to them. (b) Each person responsible for supervising the manufacture, processing, packing, or holding of a drug product shall have the education, training, and experience, or any combination thereof, to perform assigned functions in such a manner as to provide assurance that the drug product has the safety, identity, strength, quality, and purity that it purports or is represented to possess. (c) There shall be an adequate number of qualified personnel to perform and supervise the manufacture, processing, packing, or holding of each drug product.

 Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) ensures quality assurance, compliance and good product development within the therapeutic goods industry. Graduate Certificate, Graduate Diploma or Master of Science (Good Manufacturing Practices). GMP courses are a joint initiative The GMP courses are designed for people currently working, or intending to work in the pharmaceutical or biotechnological sectors. Specialization in pharmaceuticals, biologics or medical devices http://www.gmptrainingsystems.com/?gclid=CKyi-tS1JUCFQM1gQod3m9cjg

GMP Training
GMP Training Products

In-Plant Training Programs

Interactive Computer-based GMP Training Web-based GMP Training Public Workshops GMP Implementation Resources http://www.gmptrainingsystems.com/PDF/Sample_Write _it_down_handout.pdf

Career Opportunities
International Quality Assurance Manager Senior Quality Assurance Manager Quality Assurance Associate - QA - (GMP) Pharmaceutical - Quality Manager GMP / GCP Manager Packaging Operator Line Service Operator

References
Blackwell, John. 1906: Rumble Over The Jungle. 31 Aug. 2008. http://www.capitalcentury.com/1906.html FDA Food and Drug Administration. GMP Combination Handbooks. 31 Aug. 2008. http://images.google.com http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~myhadlfamily/hadl/hadlstories/phoeni17 .jpg The Center for Professional Advancement. Good Manufacturing Practice. 2008. 1 Sep. 2008. http://www.cfpa.com/gmp-training The Power of Story Telling. A Brief History of the GMPs. 2004. 31 Aug. 2008. http://immelresources.com/HistoryofGMPs.pdf The New York Times. 1906 Meat Processing Plant. 26 Jan. 2005. 31 Aug. 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2005/01/26/national/26meat.ready.html Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Pharmaceutical GMP: past, present, and futurea review. 2008. 31. Aug. 2008. http://www.atyponlink.com/GVR/doi/abs/10.1691/ph.2008.7319?cookieSet=1&journalCode=phmz

Questions?