WOOLENS VS WORSTEDS (w.r.

t processing route)
FLEECE

WOOLENS

SORTING BLANDING SCOURING

WORSTEDS
CARDING

CARDING

COMBING

DRAWING

SPINNING

SPINNING

WEAVING

WEAVING

FINISHING

FINISHING

WOOLEN VS WORSTED ( w.r.t. properties)

PROPERTY
FIBRE

WOOLENS
Short curly fibres carded only, slack twist, Weaker yarns, count less than worsteds
Indistinct patterns, usually plain weave, sometimes twills. Soft finishes, fulling, flocking, steaming nappingcan conceal quality of construction, are easily adulterated. Soft, fuzzy, thick

WORSTEDS
Long, straight fibres
Carded and combed, tight twist, greater tensile strength than woolens, generally yarn dyed Distinct patterns, chiefly twill weaves Hard finished, singed, steamed, unfinished worsteds - napped, adulteration more difficult - fillers would be easily discernible. Firm, wiry or harsh, smooth or rough

YARN

WEAVE

FINISH

APPEARANCE AND TOUCH

WOOLEN VS WORSTED ( w.r.t. properties) contd...

PROPERTY WOOLENS
Warmer than worsteds, Not so durable, Nap protective agent for luster, Soft surface, catches and holds dirt, stains easily removed

WORSTEDS
Wrinkle less than woolens, more durable, hold creases and shape, become shiny with use, feel harsh when next to skin, more resistant to dust.

CHARACTERSTICS

USES

Generally winter use and less expensive than worsteds, sportswear, jackets, sweaters, skirts, blankets. Tweed, homespun, flannel, broadcloth, Shetland, cassimere

Costlier yarns, appropriate for tailored and dressy wear.

TYPICAL FABRICS

Gabardine, whipcord, serge, worsted cheviot, tropical worsted, Bedford cord.

PRIOR TO WET AND DRY FINISHING OF WOOLENS...

Perching - inspection for various imperfections including
yarn faults, weaving or knitting faults, knots, holes, stains

Burling or burling irons removal of loose threads and knots Specking remove specks, burrs and other foreign matter.

Mending - relates to the insertion of missed warp and weft yarn

sewing. Objective Obtain a uniform finish To find out or make over any faults in fabric occurred during previous processes. Avoid other problems during further finishing processes.pic

OBJECTIVES OF FINISHING WOOLENS AND WORSTEDS

To develop the desired properties in woolen and worsted fabrics that meet the specified performance and intended end use The removal of contaminants and contaminants from the fabric.
lubricants and antistatic agents employed during yarn and fabric production. warp sizes and lubricants, machine oil stains, etc Removal of vegetable matter.

To achieve required handle, softness, fullness, drape etc.

Objectives contd...
To achieve dimensional stability of the fabric
Relaxation shrinkage felting shrinkage, hygral expansion

functional finishes
Antistatic Mothproofing Anti shrink soil repellents

WOOLEN AND WORSTED FINISHING

DRY FINISHES

WET FINISHES

Applied after fabric is dried. Usually mechanical finishes

Employ aqueous based treatments

Usually chemical finishes

Always carried out in the same sequence Not always carried out in the same sequence

WOOLEN AND WORSTED FINISHES

(On the basis of objectives attained during the finish)

Cleansing finishes

Development finishes

Special finishes

Objective is cleansing the fabric Scouring Carbonizing

Objective is development and improvement of aesthetic and performance properties such as

Smoothness Levelness Luster Strength Air permeability

Objective is mostly to give surface effects and configurations.

Clear finish Half and full meltons Milling Coating by velours, fleece fabrics, floconne, ratine etc.

SCOURING
(wet, cleansing finish) (for wool, wool/cotton, blended wool and worsteds)

Objective
Removal of impurities present in grey fabric and to achieve a clean fabric for further processing Impurities
Spinning assistants (10% for woolens/ 2% of worsteds) olefins, neutral oils, emulsifiable mineral oils, Warp sizes - starch, modified cellulose products, Mineral oil stains, warp lubricants, soil and dirt. Unfixed dye residues

Relaxation of tension introduced during fabric manufacture

relaxation contributes to hand and dimensional stability of the fabric.

 Surface hand, fullness, weave density, drape and elasticity. Colors become fresher general appearance of design improves.

PRINCIPLE OF SCOURING Physical processes

Application of mechanical and thermal energy

Colloid chemical reactions

Swelling adsorption diffusion

Scouring process
Prepare liquor with detergent and add substrate Wash (10 - 90 mins)
Depends on level of soil or impurities, wt. of fabric

Rinse (50 150 mins) progressively by fresh water.

Squeeze or semi dry

What happens inside ?

Decrease area of soil fibre interface Create a separating layer between the two counteract forces of adhesion Scouring liquor anionic surfactant imparts negative charge to wool fibres and soil or impure molecules

---------- -- - -

Electrostatic effect causes negatively charged particles to repel each other

---------- -- - The contaminants released are transported away from the fibres to avoid redeposition Mechanical action brings about liquor interchange.

- - -- - - - - - - - Old liquor disposes the impurities and new liquor restarts the action. Detergents used in wool scouring anionic and non ionic( phenomenon of adsorption )

Critical parameters and problems

Surfactant Ph value of liquor Temperature Time Mechanical agitation and action Water quality Problems Hard water may cause deposition of insoluble precipitates of Ca, Mg on the fabric surface. Too quick rinsing lime soap may deposit as white stain Yarn dyed fabrics are rinsed with acetic or formic acid to retain original brightness of colors and to avoid color bleeding by prolonged contact with water.

Machinery
Open width scouring machines for continuous process Avoid creasing. Rope scouring machines for lots Increased interchange of liquor, Better cleansing action Improved hand Simple jet rapid combined.

Rope scouring machine

Continuous open width scouring machine

MILLING
Objective Consolidate the fabric in both in warp and weft direction. Obtain desired surface felting by mechanical action. Making the fabric fuller and denser Improves strength and hand of the fabric Providing a stable fabric base and makes fabric perfect for producing a raised finishes. Increases thickness and wt./unit area of the fabric Provides fullness to the fabric Shrinks the fabric

Principle of milling
Felting and elastic properties of wool are used to advantage Improved mechanical energy and agitation by saturation of fabric with highly concentrated liquor. 120% moisture on the wt of the fabric. High vol. of liquor buffers mechanical action.

What happens inside?

Union of assembly of fibres by entanglement of individual fibres. Mechanical pressure compressed fibre assembly Differential friction effect.
Individual fibres tend to move towards their root ends because frictional resistance is lower in this direction. F

Due to pressure protruding fibres interlock and entangle as they slide on each other towards the root

entangled mat of fibers that cannot be stretched

Types of milling
Soap milling for woolens
Oleic acid soaps maximum softness and full handle stearic acid soaps firm handle Liquor 5- 10% soap soln. 35 C For scoured fabrics M:L ratio =4:1 0.2 0.5 % sulphuric acid/ formic acid/lactic acid Ph- 2 Through rinsing is required Quick, produces stronger fabric but harsh feel

Acid milling for woolens

 Alkaline or grease milling for worsteds

5 8 % sodium carbonate soln. Ph 9 11 38 C M:L ratio = 1:1 Sodium carbonate + fatty acid in wool = soap Moisture content is higher than that for woolens Better for unscoured fabrics as scouring and milling can be carried out in the same process.

Milling machine and process

Rotatory milling machine.

Critical parameters and problems

Concentration of chemicals Ph value Temperature Time Mechanical agitation and action

Problems
Too slow milling - Fibre loss and Irregular felting Improper milling may result from uncontrolled width and length Bagged fabrics may balloon excessively and tear.

Carbonizing (generally for woolens)

Objective - to remove vegetable impurities from the wool.
burrs, seed and leaf matter Cellulosic fibres such as cotton and jute fibres.

Principle of carbonizing
chemical differences between the protein of wool and the cellulose and lignins of the vegetable matter. Wool is relatively stable to high concentrations of acid while cellulose is readily hydrolysed by strong acids.

Process

Impregnation
dilute solution of sulphuric acid (3-6%) + wetting agent

acidified fabric

Baking (Carbonizing oven 130-140oC)

Dry and evaporate the excess water

concentrate the acid

baked at 130-140oC

the sulphuric acid converts the cellulose to dehydrocellulose, Which is brittle

hydrolysis

OH O OH

OH

OH

OH O

H2SO4
OH
O CH2OH O

OH

OH H

OH
OH
CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

CRYSTALLINE

dehydrocellulose

mechanical crushing and beating

Dehydrocellulose is removed

Neutralization of acid by alkali

Rinse

Critical parameters and problems

Concentration of h2so4
Temperature of the oven Baking time

Problems
Fabrics which contain cotton or rayon effect threads, cannot be carbonized Chemical changes in wool Reduction in yarn strength

Burn out effects Use of carbonizing to produce decorative effects

Patterned fabrics woven from wool with cotton or rayon yarns. Cellulosic material is generally centered on design areas Carbonizing destroys cellulosic materials - Open work areas ( burnout effect ) baking temperatures are 5- 10 0 higher(145 150)

Raising

Objective achieve desirable surface characteristics in the wool fabrics Lifting a layer of fibres from the surface of the fabric to form a hairy surface or pile. Improves warmth of the fabric Improves softness and fullness of the fabric Gives mat appearance to the fabrics

Principle
Obtaining surface effects by mechanical processes. Decrease in conduction of heat
Warmth air is a bad conductor of heat Trapped air does not allow heat to move outside. Volume occupied by the fabric is increased only erect fibres contact the skin. number of skin contact point decrease thus

Raised surface reflect light diffusely.

Wet and dry raising

Wet raising Gives even dense lustrous finish Prevents excessive fibre loss during raising process Preferred for woolens as fibres are short and normal loss is up to 10%. Small quantities of acid or alkalies may be used. Slower process, number of runs may be required.

Dry raising
Gives a more open mossy surface Fibre loss is much greater for short fibres Preferred for worsteds. faster than wet raising.

Mechanism and process

Raising medium Natural teazles wooden thorns of a plant
Have gentle action Lesser fibre loss More raising cycles Even results

Card wire bent metal wires to catch and lift fibres out of the
plane of the fabric surface . Treats fibres harshly. Cuts lot of fibres instead of pulling gently

Lubricants are used to reduce friction.

Critical parameters and pre requirements

Fibre type Short fibre break, less cohesive pile, abrade quickly. Fabric structure Disorganised/loose structure, rapid raising action Type and twist of Yarns Low twist yarns, more easily raised, loose binded fibres Length of floats Longer floats thickness of fabric after raisin increases after raising Sateen weaves better than plain Warp/weft density Increase in warp density with const. weft density, thickness of raised cloth decreases.

 Medium and machinery Lubricant used Excessive lubricant, cause slipping. Speed of the fabric and rollers

Process and machinery

Gradual loosening of fibres loss of strength Amount of air occluded by raised fabrics make them inflammable. Raising machines Double action raising machines Table raising machines for knits, blankets.

applications
velours fleece fabrics flannel thermal wear meltons

Shearing
Objectives: i. To remove surface fibres ii. To control height of fibres ends above the surface of the fabric iii. To shorten and control pile height Principle: rapidly rotating cylinder containing 14-20 helical blades to cut the fibres projecting from the fabric surface to an even, or uniform, length.

Critical parameters
i. ii. Cutting angle Brushes (back bush, raising brush, laying brush) iii. Metal objects that may damage the cutting heads

Padding
Process of impregnating fabric with liquor. Objectives: Used to impart special properties to wool fabrics. Following properties are imparted to wool fabrics by padding: i. Anti-felt finishing ii. Improvements in handle and lustre iii. Improving weight of fabric iv. Flame resistant, water repellant, insect resistant finishes

Process: immersion of fabric in the liquor

squeezing i. Wet on dry application ii. Wet on wet application Critical parameters and problems: Amount of liquor. Pressure applied at squeeze rollers Composition of roller, covering

Process:

Drying

Objective: Remove water from the wool textiles via the application of heat energy Principle: o Mechanical principle: i. Hydro Extraction:

ii.

Scutcher: it is used when the fabric is treated in rope form. Application of heat Conduction (drum) dryers: Convection dryers: Radiation High frequency drying:

o i. ii. iii. iv.

Machinery: Cylinder Drying: (conduction) Advantages: i. Small capital cost ii. Small floor space required Disadvantage: i. Fabric stretching occurs

Festoon Dryer: (convection)

Disadvantage: i. Creasing of the fabric ii. Non uniform drying iii. Low drying capacity Stenter (multi layer): (convection)

Advantage: i. Controls length and width of fabric

Infra red drying (radiation): gas is radiated from incadescent body at a temp. of 1400k. Uniform drying .

 Radio frequency drying: drying wool bales before sorting. Fabric placed between two electrodes connected to high frequency circuit. Advantages: i. Economical ii. Heat production inside the material iii. Reduction in heating time iv. Uniform drying

Singeing
Objectives: To remove the protruding fibers from the surface of the fabric. Principle: It uses a gas flame to burn away the surface of wool fibers. Advantage of singeing is that it removes fibres right down to the surface of the fabric structure

 Process

Critical parameters and problems: i. Harshens the handle of the fabric ii. Piece dyed blends should be singed after dyeing iii. Metal contaminants must not be present iv. The goods must be dried uniformly v. Uniform tension vi. Fabric speed vii. Temperature of the flame

SOME INNOVATIONS AND INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT WOOLENS AND WORSTED FABRICS

UNFINISHED WORSTEDS a misnomer

worsted fabrics which undergo fulling, brushing and napping. Greater durability and tailored appearance. Greater luster, softness, warmth and comfort characteristics.

WOOL AS A VERSATILE FIBRE can be used all the year round and can be designed for very specific purposes. Woolen sportswear Excellent vapour management of wool, absorbs 35% of moisture of its own weight. Scaly structure of wool and interlocking protein molecules gives it the ability to absorb moisture vapour.

WOOL KEEPS YOU BOTH COOL AND WARM

1990- WRONZs Woolscience brand introduced wool

vapour management technology as Sportswool Superior heat and moisture vapour transfer during the exercise. Skin cools more quickly as the moisture gets wicked away at the vapour stage before it becomes liquid sweat. Sportswool offers protection from UV rays and prevents post exercise chill. Wool bedding products Increase deep sleep More consistent skin temperatures Lower heart rates

Better condition on awakening.

NEW PROTEIN EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES FROM WOOL Reconstitution of extracted Keratin protein.

Production of continuous silk like filament.

Cosmetics and hair products. CSIRO 19 micron wool fibre to 16-17 microns by stretching treatments. Softness as cashmere Blends with cashmere excellent drape, hand and luster as pure cashmere Competitive price as pure cashmere

The secret of wool lies in the structure of its fibers

Absorb moisture, insulate against heat and cold, resist flame, and maintain their resilience.

CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING FINISHING SEQUENCE OF WOOLEN/WORSTED FABRICS

coloration technique employed type of goods seasonal nature of the trade variations in individual processes that may be necessary cost of the sequence in relation to profitability

SHRINKAGE AND SHRINKAGE CONTROL Changes of dimensions may be due to:

(i) Relaxation Shrinkage -the stresses or strains imposed during the processing are relaxed in water or laundering, without agitation. -irreversible (ii) Consolidation Shrinkage -the relaxation of residual strains in a fabric is opposed by the many frictional constraints within the fabric -irreversible

(iii) Swelling Shrinkage -When hydrophilic fibers absorb water the longitudinal swelling is negligible while the transverse swelling is appreciable. -reversible.

(iv) Felting Shrinkage -mechanical action is applied (acid medium),

- irreversible

(v) Hygral expansion -as a result of change in regain, and hence relative humidity.
-reversible

Shrinkage treatments

Objectives
Minimize the problems of relaxation shrinkage or Eliminate felting shrinkage

Relaxation Shrinkage Control

London Shrunk:
Principle- to remove the tension applied during processing ProcessWet worsted cloth and cotton blanket is placed on a long platform, a layer of fabric is spread on it. Alternate layers of blanket/fabric are built up. Weight is placed on top. Fabric is hung to dry naturally. Fabric is layered with special perforated boards. Pre heated metal plates are inserted in intervals. Critical parametersSet-up of fabric and plates are kept under 3000 lbs pressure for 10-12 hrs.

Felting Shrinkage control

Principle- Alter the scale structure to avoid felting.

IWS SUPER WASH ProcessApplication of resin (Semi-durable finish) DEGRADATIVE PROCESSES ProcessChlorine gas or liquid chlorine compounds used (to partially dissolve the edges of the wool fiber scales) or Oxidative or reductive agents; or enzymes used
Critical ParametersChemical is destructive, thus should be carefully controlled.

Application of protease enzyme technology in wool processing results in considerable loss of tensile strength To overcome this disadvantage Enzymatic activity has been more targeted to the outer surface of the scales By pretreatment of wool with hydrogen peroxide at alkaline pH in the presence of high concentrations of salt.

Polymer- based process Principle- polymer coats the scales, inhibiting the inter-locking action ProcessApplication of thin polymeric layer to the surface of the fabric. (HERCOSETT is a branded process)

Combined treatments: (Canadian Kroy process- also known as the Chlorine- Hercosett Process.)

Continuous processchlorine treatment in acid medium (using chlorine gas or sodium hypochlorite)

reduction of chlorine using sulphite

rinsing neutralisation with sodium carbonate

BEFORE

rinsing
resin application (polyamide-epichloridrine resin) softener application

SUPERWOOL

drying and polymerisation.

EASY- CARE FINISHES

Objectiveto impart characteristics : easy-to-wash creasing resistance during wash and wear, no ironing or minimum ironing.

Mothproofing treatments Chemical- Permethrin Stage of treatment- dyeing or scouring Semi- durable finish Critical parameterConcentration level for mothproofing

Anti-felt treatments oxidizing treatment (subtractive treatment) treatment with resins (additive treatment) Stage- most commonly applied on combed tops for specific endproducts (e.g. underwear).

Oxidizing treatments Principle- chemicals used attack the scales of the cuticles and chemically change the external structure of the fibre. Chemicals (chlorine-releasing agents) sodium hypochlorite sodium salt dichloroisocyanurate (most advantageous) active chlorine (no longer used). Chlorine-based agents form absorbable organic chlorine compounds. Alternatives- peroxysulphate, permanganate, enzymes or corona discharge

Treatments with resins (additive processes)

Principle- polymers (Cationic) are applied to the surface of the fiber with the aim of covering the scales with a "film".

Reductive
Wool fiber has ability to recover from deformations and maintain its original configuration in space. This can be both a virtue and a problem.

Original straight fiber in equilibrium state: disulphide bonds intact

Fibre deformed and bonds stretched: disulphide bonds broken by reducing agent

Disulphide bonds reformed during steaming: Deformed state now at equilibrium

Physical
By combining reductive treatments with some physical fiber modifications such as pressing to create luster in fabrics or fiber diameter decrease in fibers through stretching

Additive
Involves additions to the fiber rather than true chemical manipulation of the fiber structure but is included to demonstrate the range of possibilities for modifying wool fiber properties. Flame Retardancy Wool fiber is reluctance to burn and tend to form a char Property is enhanced by The exhaustion of titanium hexafluoride or Zirconium hexafluoride into the wool fiber in a manner similar to dyeing Stain repellency PrincipleCoating the fiber surface with a polymer possessing low surface energy or wetting properties Treatment based on PTFE polymers give water, oil and soil repellency without effecting the handle or moisture management properties of wool.

Anti-static finish Chemicals- Quaternary salts, ammonium salts of anti-static agents or softening agents containing fatty acid radicals.

Setting
Objective to stabilize the position of individual fibers in the yarn and fabric. to impart smooth surface and improved handle Principle reduced forces acting at contact points between the fibers Yarn structure and the surface structure of the fabric are at equilibrium

 CRABBING Usually for worsted fabrics (lighter weight) ProcessPreparations: -Pieces for crabbing are joined using a whipped seam -End cloths are added to avoid non- uniform treatment of the ends of the batch Fabric is run into boiling water Wound onto the lower roller Once batch is formed, the heating is discontinued Batch is rotated for 10-20 min with the pressure roller applied Batch is rewound and given a further boiling treatment Fabric is run-off and cooled by passing through a bath of cold water. Critical parametersBoiling water at 90-100 centigrade

Setting at the early stages of finishing

 BEAMING -Mild setting process (on top- dyes or yarn- dyed) to prepare for scouring -May also be done after scouring or dyeing to remove crease marks, to introduce smooth and lustrous surface (known as SMOOTHING) ProcessFabrics are immersed in warm water (containing setting agent) Wound on beam Allowed to cool on the beam

Critical parametersTemperature of water is selected according to the prior process (45 degree C for scoured goods, 60 degree C for piece dyed goods)

 POTTING Mainly used for special fabrics (setting billiards cloth) ProcessPreparation: -Winding the fabric on canvas- covered roller -Wrapping the roll in canvas -Tying the ends with cords Rolls placed vertically in a tank of water (60 degree C for 3hrs to 3 days)
Fabric is cooled slowly on the roll (for highest luster) Critical parametersHigh standard of dye fastness (usually dyed with chlorine or premetallised)

SETTING AT LATER STAGES OF FINISHING: DECATIZING

Objective-Improvement of the texture through added humidity -Moderation or setting of the glaze or sheen -Dye-fast finish -Wet fixing in length and width PrincipleDecatizing takes place through the application of steam under pressure. Types of Decatizing Finish Decatizing Luster Decatizing Pressure Decatizing Continuous Decatizing

FINISH DECATIZING
ProcessTensionless winding of fabric onto 800900nm diameter cylinder
wrapper is raised cotton

steam pressure is released within the large cylinder, so that goods are steamed at atmospheric pressure
water may be injected to ensure that the steam is not superheated. facilities to remove the condensate formed in the interior space of the cylinder

Controls mechanisms-

Wrapper tensionlower tension and softer wrapper. Steam direction Inside to outside is normal, but the reverse direction may also be used Steaming time With increasing time, more non- fast luster is removed Humidity of steam moist steam Post- steaming Two types of post- steaming may be carried out: the goods may be run off still hot but with the steam value closed, the goods may be run off with the steam value still open. Cooling on the roll After steaming, suction is applied and the goods are thoroughly cooled before unwinding. Doffing tension goods should be removed from the roll at lowest possible tension

Controls mechanisms-

Wrapper tensionlower tension and softer wrapper. Steam direction Inside to outside is normal, but the reverse direction may also be used Steaming time With increasing time, more non- fast luster is removed Humidity of steam moist steam Post- steaming Two types of post- steaming may be carried out: the goods may be run off still hot but with the steam value closed, the goods may be run off with the steam value still open. Cooling on the roll After steaming, suction is applied and the goods are thoroughly cooled before unwinding. Doffing tension goods should be removed from the roll at lowest possible tension

LUSTER DECATIZING

MachineryRollers with diameters in range of 250- 400 mm. Special steam installations Cooling after steaming is by suction. Control mechanismsWrapper tension The higher the tension, the greater is the luster Steam direction Inside to-outside flow is normal. Steaming from outside to inside gives a flatter fabric Steaming time A time of 2 min is normal. Longer times give more intense effects. Cooling As for finish decatizing. Post- steaming The goods may be run off in steam and cooled by suction on the doffing roller.

PRESSURE DECATIZING
Machinery-Station for winding (and unwinding ) the goods in a wrapper fabric. -Autoclave in which the fabric is subjected to a (multiple) cycle of steaming and evacuation. -Autoclave has a heated jacket, to prevent excessive condensation on the walls as the steam is introduced . Processheating up of the autoclave prepared roll of goods is introduced on a trolley and the door is sealed the steam valve is opened by an automatic timing device (multiple vacuum- steam cycles) steam enter the chamber by entering the goods from outside to inside until the require pressure is reached (chamber is evacuated before the steam is admitted) final evacuation serves to cool the goods

Control mechanismsType of wrapper Satin wrappers give flat lustrous goods; molleton wrappers give soft, bulky goods, and are used for woolens Wrapper tension Higher tensions give more luster. Steam pressure Higher pressures improve the level of set Steaming time Longer times (up to 6 min) give more set Cooling treatment Prolonged cooling enhances the luster and the level of set and different cooling techniques may be used the goods may be removed in steam cooling without suction on the decatizing roller outside the autoclave cooling by sucking air through the roll outside the autoclave cooling by suction inside the autoclave.

CONTINUOUS DECATIZING
Principle-Autoclave decatizing in a continuous procedure has to overcome the severe problem of sealing the inlet and outlet points for fabric. -Rely on wrapper tension to apply pressure to the goods. ProcessFabric is fed around a rotatable, heated cylinder between a backing cloth and a tension thrust belt. Variety of decatizing effects can be achieved by adjusting the temperature of the belt and cylinder, the tension of the belt, and the moisture content of the backing cloth and fabric.

DRY SETTING
Semi dry continuous decatizing process Machinery-Heated roller -A special back cloth which has an impermeable chemically resistant polymer coating, which allows the goods to be steamed at high temperature.

PLEATING AND CREASING

Pleats are folded by means of metal plates Pleated fabric is pressed against a heated cylinder by means of a felt covered cylinder to give a temporary set. Pleats may be permanently set into wool fabrics by steaming under pressure or by chemical setting.

Plasma treatments
A plasma may be described as a mixture of electrons, ions and free radicals and is produced from an electrical discharge, either under vacuum or atmospheric pressure. Objectiveto increase the wettability (surface energy) of a substrate Advantages: They are surface specific, Totally effluent free