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land and sea where both land & oceanic processes works. It is most dynamic, resourceful and disaster prone zone of any country. Coastal zone always include floodplains, mangroves, marshes, and fringing coral reefs.
zone management involves managing coastal areas to balance environmental, economic, human health, and human activities. Coastal Management integrates the biological, physical, and policy sciences to plan and execute sustainable solutions for environmental challenges where land meets water.
using an integrated approach, regarding all aspects of the coastal zone, including geographical and political boundaries, in an attempt to achieve sustainability. It is a dynamic, multidisciplinary and iterative process to promote sustainable management of coastal zones. It covers the full cycle of information collection, planning (in its broadest sense), decision making, management and monitoring of implementation.
and distributaries and complex ecology which is affected by natural hazards like cyclones, coastal flooding, tidal surges, salinity and the like phenomenon. The coastline is of 734 km involving coastal and island communities of about 50 million people, nearly about one-third of the total population of Bangladesh.
The coastal areas of Bangladesh has been classified
into two broad categories viz. interior coast and exterior coast.
region begins from the Tebegins from the Tetulia river to the big Feni river estuary including the mouth of the Meghna river upto the confluence of the Padma (GangesBrahmaputra) and the Meghna river near Chadpur.
western region covers the coastline westward from the Tetulia River to the international boundary (India) located at the Hariabangha River. The region is mostly covered with dense mangrove forests with deeply scoured tidal channels of the tidal plain overlapping abandoned Ganges delta.
cyclone, storm surge and flood. The combination of natural and man-made hazards, such as erosion, high arsenic content in ground water, water logging, earthquake, water and soil salinity, various forms of pollution, risks from climate change, etc, have adversely affected lives and livelihoods in the coastal zone and slowed down the pace of social and economic developments in this region.
Due to lack of appropriate guidelines for natural resource
conservation and utilization, land use conflicts occur and the coastal zone turned into areas of major conflicts.
utilizing these resources, resulting in complete destruction of some of them (e.g. Chakaria Sundarban mangrove forest), some being over-utilized (e.g. coastal shrimp farming, natural fish stock) while some other resources remain under-utilized (e.g. molluscs, seaweeds).
Increasing population, competition for limited resources,
natural and man-made hazards, lack of economic opportunities, important ecological hot spots, etc, calls for distinctive coastal management.
issues
Demand/Supply Analysis
Analysis of Opportunity
Analysis of Challenges
the
Millennium
integration of the coastal zone into national processes can take place.
All of these policies have clear implications for coastal development, but in most cases do not have specific sections on coastal areas and often fail to capture the distinctive combinations of vulnerabilities and opportunities that characterize the coast.
Coastal Zoning
Regulation an Enforcement
Social
Customary Practice Community Based Management Capacity building
Technical
EIA Risk and Hazard Management Resource Analysis: Demand/Supply Economic Analysis
The ICZM process consists of three main components: 1. A coastal zone policy; 2. A coastal development strategy; and 3. A priority investment programme
interventions. It prepares for coordinated priority actions and arrangements for their implementation through selecting strategic priorities and setting targets. The CDS is a targeted process and the targeting is identified with respect to: 1. Regions (islands and chars, exposed coastal zone or districts; high tsunami risk area; South-West region); 2. Disadvantaged groups (erosion victims, women and children, fisher and small farmers); 3. Issues (shrimp culture, land zoning; groundwater management, climate change); and 4. Opportunities (tourism, renewable energy, marine fisheries)
environment.
Water resources management.
coastal communities.
Productive economic activities and focused development of
launched after the cyclone of April 1991. CERP fostered the concept of polder management involving other stakeholders including the local community. Polders are now a natural feature of the coastal hydro-morphological setting. Now 123 coastal polders have >5000km of embankments.
areas in newly accreted chars and islands were put under mangrove plantation with the help of the local people. Forest belt along the coast, Coastal Green Belt, has been instrumental in protecting life and property in coastal areas from cyclone and storm surges. Peoples participation in planning is ensured by this type of project. Institutionalization of integrated coastal management has been attempted in recent years through a number of initiatives. The Char Development & Settlement Project (CDSP), on-going since 1994, may be mentioned in this respect. As many as six GoB agencies are partners of CDSP. Together they have been able to demonstrate a culture of working together coordinated by a lead Ministry/agency (MoWR/BWDB). At the field (district) level, the coordination is done through regular PMC meetings. This provides a good example of inter-agency interaction and cooperation.
initiated Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP) in the early 1970s that eventually developed into a world model of physical and institutional infrastructure for disaster management in cyclone prone areas. More than 2000 multi-purpose cyclone shelters were built so far to provide security to the people in the vulnerable areas. An extensive network of radio communication contributes in cyclone preparedness of coastal communities. More than 50,000 ha of new lands were reclaimed along the Noakhali coast through Meghna cross dams. Subsequently, these newly accreted lands were used for new settlements and socio-economic development of the people.
agriculture) and poorly developed economic linkages, including poor access to national and international markets that are even more severe than in other parts of rural Bangladesh.
Poor levels of service provision and very poorly developed institutional
structure (with both government and non-government institutions weakly represented in many coastal communities) that make the isolation of many coastal areas worse.
Highly unequal social structures, with small powerful elite dominating the
mass of people, allied to high levels of conflict and poor law and order.
combined with geological and tectonic processes that are causing land to sink.
Changing patterns of land use, both in the coastal zone (including the
growth of shrimp and salt production) and over the catchment as a whole that are affecting the coasts morphology and water resources characteristics.
Declining viability of many distinctive and threatened coastal ecosystems,
including the Sundarbans and other mangroves, coastal wetlands and marshes, and offshore marine habitats that are important spawning grounds.
Widespread pollution and resource degradation, including hotspots such
as the coast north of Chittagong as well as areas affected by more widespread processes.
and many examples of technical interventions that are poorly adapted to the characteristics of coastal areas. Surface and sub-surface Stalinization, including saline intrusion into freshwater aquifers some distance from the coast. Poor resource management, including the unsustainable exploitation of fish resources and poor ground and surface water management. Rapid decline in key common property resources such as marine fisheries, mangroves and freshwater resources. The long-term effects of climate change, with predicted rises in sea levels, possible increases in the frequency of major storms and changes in rainfall patterns over the whole GangesBrahmaputra basins.
Coastal Resources Survey Integrated Coastal Resources Database Modeling Tools Information dissemination Capacity Building
of information to assist decision-making: Fragmented management of coastal resources and restricted sharing of information have resulted in poor awareness and knowledge among coastal dwellers (Sekhar, 2005). It is therefore important to disseminate information among all stakeholders and ensure their active participation. sectoral policies, plans and laws: Lack of coordination between different local agencies and power structures often makes it difficult to implement integrated programmes. If departmental goals are in conflict, effective participation in integrated programmes by the agencies involved may be awkward (Sekhar, 2005). Therefore, harmonizing national policies and mainstreaming the ICZM approach into sectoral policies is of great importance.
Harmonizing
coastal, marine and freshwater systems (watersheds, river basins) are increasingly becoming recognized as critical to the successful management of coastal systems. Improved governance: Overall improvement of governance is important to ensure accountability and transparency in coastal zone management. Enactment of coastal legislation might be important in curbing conflicting and environmentally detrimental activities (Olsen and Christie, 2000). Ensuring sustained political support: Sustained political support is indispensable to the success of the ICZM process. To generate such political and public support, demonstration of integrated regional and local programmes is important.
CONCLUSION
The coast of Bangladesh is known as a zone of vulnerabilities as well as opportunities. It has a great importance since pre-historic times for its abundance in natural resources. Coastal zone management is very necessary for our country. Through integrated coastal zone management a sustainable development of coastal region take place. For this reason various coastal management program has been taken for sustainable development and conservation of biodiversity and natural resources.
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