Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Envisia Learning 3435 Ocean Park Blvd, Suite 203 Santa Monica, CA 90405 Phone: (310) 450-8397 Fax: (310) 450-0548 http://www.envisialearning.com
Definition of Stress
It seems wise to use stress as a generic term for the whole area of problems that includes the stimuli producing stress reactions, the reactions themselves and the various intervening processes. It defines a large, complex, amorphous, interdisciplinary area of interest and study. (Lazarus, 1966)
3
FINANCIAL
FAMILY
Stress Response
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Epinephrine (Ep also known as adrenaline) an norepinephrine (NEp) activate/arouse us during stress Immediate response to stressor (within seconds)
Resistance Exhaustion
Stage 1 Alarm
Stage 2 Resistance
Stage 3 Exhaustion
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
get sick after the battle of experiencing stress/change experience work and life stress/change without getting sick
20
25
26
Motivation
27
28
About StressScan
StressScan quickly identifies individual characteristics that protect against or contribute to stress related illness This validated instrument based on over 15 years of research measures 15 psychosocial risk factors including perceived stress, lifestyle management behaviors, social support, Type A behavior, cognitive hardiness, coping style and psychological well being In addition, two validity scales measure inconsistent responding and responding bias Norms are based on ethnically diverse sample of 1,111 men and women, ages 20 to 68 from diverse working environments
29
StressScan has established reliability and validity based on over 15 years of research
StressScan is ideal for coaches who are dealing with work pressure, stress and family balance issues
StressScan makes an excellent health risk appraisal within organizational settings (as part of executive coaching, wellness, stress management and health promotion programs)
30
31
32
Occupational Stress
Measures of work and life stress are modestly associated with physical illness, job burnout and psychological distress (average rs range between .10
to .30)
A 2004 survey by Consulting Tools USA revealed that 40% of all employees report they disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement the amount of pressure and stress on my job is reasonable and rarely excessive Reduction in perceived work and life stress have been found to be associated with immune enhancement (Nowack, 1992) Individual stress-management interventions generally are effective in reducing negative individual health outcomes, but do not consistently affect outcomes such as absenteeism, turnover, accidents, health care costs, productivity or job satisfaction unless additional organizational interventions occur (Nowack, 2000)
33
34
If Id known I was gonna live this long, Id have taken better care of myself
Eubie Blake at 100
35
37
38
Some recent studies suggest that moderate use of alcohol several times a week may have some limited protective effects on the cardiovascular system Lap/shoulder safety belts, when used, reduced the risk of fatal injury to front-seat passenger car occupants by 45 percent and the risk of moderate-to-critical injury by 50 percent
39
About 50% of the protective effect of alcohol is Higher levels of alcohol consumption have been
conclusively linked to more serious illnesses, accidents and adverse health outcomes
40
Social Support
Cross sectional and prospective studies have consistently
shown that social support can significantly reduce the severity of stress and psychological experience of it Epidemiological research has established that low social support is associated with both mortality and morbidity
Social Support:
Age Standardized Death Rates per 10,000 Men, Ages 40-69
Smokers
1,560 2,567 2,570 2,675
43
Type A Behavior
Commonly associated with hard driving, competitive, achievement striving, impatient, hostile, energetic, fast paced and time urgent behaviors
44
Cognitive Hardiness
View change as a challenge, rather than a threat
Are committed, rather than alienated, with their activities a
work and home control
Possess a more internal, rather than external, locus of Possess an optimistic explanatory style by appraising bad
events as relatively external, unstable and specific
neuroticism (core self-evaluations) associated with increased job satisfaction and job performance less illness, job burnout, and psychological distress
Coping Style
Coping Styles
Positive Appraisal Negative Appraisal Threat Minimization Problem-Focused Coping In two separate longitudinal studies, high scores on the Threat Minimization coping style and exercise significantly predicted lower levels of self-reported physical illness and absenteeism (Nowack, 1994)
46
Behavior Emotions
47
50
Mental Relaxation
Physical Relaxation
51
5.
You feel the warmth of the sun on your arms, legs, and face.how it totally relaxes and soothes all of your musclesyou actually can feel beads of perspiration form and your fingers and hands swell slightly as you continue to slow down your breathing and feel relaxed and calm..Focus on the sounds of the waves crashing at the beach and feel the slight breeze of the wind on your face as you continue feeling calm, comfortable and very relaxedslowly open your eyes.Practice this visualization when you experience stress and anxiety.
53
Organizational Stressors
Task Demands
Quick decisions Critical decisions Incomplete information for decisions
Physical Demands
Temperature extremes Poorly designed office Threats to health
Role Demands
Role ambiguity Role conflict
Interpersonal Demands
Group pressures Leadership styles Conflicting personalities
54
A 2001 Kaiser Family Foundation survey found employees with single insurance coverage are now paying 27% more on average than last year
The US Health Care Financing Administration forecasts for 2005 suggest a dollar increase of 57% from 2002 to 2005 Relatively progressive companies pay 80 times more in diagnosis and treatment than for employee preventative maintenance health programs
Solid evidence suggests that 50% to 70% of all diseases are associated with modifiable health risks and potentially preventable
55
Combined health enhancement programs focusing on lifestyle management change have been shown to yield a $3 to $6 return on investment for each dollar invested in 2 to 5 years (Pelletier, 2001)
56
Work/Family Balance
More and more people in the workforce are putting emphasis on family as an important priority
Over 70% of workers do not think there is a healthy balance between work and family Increasingly employees are exploring new careers because of the inability to manage work and family stressors
57
Leadership Effectiveness and Climate (N=153) Significant Differences (all p's < .01)
3
2.39
2.48
1.25 1
High Effectiveness
Low Effectiveness
60
Illness
35%
14%
18% 21%
61
62
Task Demands
Role Demands Interpersonal Demands
Job/task redesign Participative management Flexible work schedules Design of physical settings Selection/Promotion systems Career/Talent management Mentoring systems Team building Diversity workshops Leadership development
Role/Interpersonal Demands
63
Selected References
Nowack, K. (2000). Occupational stress management: Effective or not? In P. Schnall, K. Belkie, P. Landensbergis, & D. Baker (Eds.). Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, Hanley and Belfus, Inc., Philadelphia, PA., Vol 15, No. 1, pp. 231-233. Greene, R. and Nowack, K. (1996) Stress, hardiness and absenteeism: Results of a 3-year longitudinal study. Work and Stress, 9, 448-462. Nowack, K. M. (1994). Psychosocial predictors of health, job satisfaction and absenteeism: Results of two prospective studies. Paper presented at the 1994 American Psychological Association National Convention, Los Angeles, CA. Nowack, K. and Pentkowski, A. (1994). Lifestyle habits, substance use, and predictors of job burnout. Work and Stress, 8, 19-35. Schwartz, G.E., Schwartz, J.I., Nowack, K.M., & Eichling, P.S. (1992). Changes in perceived stress and social support over time are related to changes in immune function. University of Arizona and Canyon Ranch. Unpublished manuscript.
Nowack, K. M. (1991). Psychosocial predictors of physical health status. Work and Stress, 5, 117-131.
Nowack, K. M. (1990). Initial development and validation of a stress and health risk factor instrument. Journal of Health Promotion, 4, 173-180. Nowack, K. M. (1989). Coping style, cognitive hardiness, & health status. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 145-158.
64