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1
These high drop out rates from both primary and secondary school, combined with low enrolment rates at the higher levels deprive tens of millions of children of their full rights as citizens. Source: Selected Educational statistics (Abstract) 2005-06, MHRD, Govt. of India
Contd 2
Out of approx. 211 million children in the (6-14 yrs) age group - 84.91 % are enrolled in schools.
More than 35 million children in the (6-14) age group are out of school Net primary school enrolment/attendance is only 77%
By year 2016 there will be approx. 500 million people with less than five yrs of schooling Another 300 million that will not have completed high school. Two third of the population will lack minimum level of education
Contd.
3
This leaves a gap of 18.7 million. The ITI system needs to be revamped to fill up this gap.
Contd
The proportion was only 1% in the rural areas and 5 % in the urban.
Only 40 % of the 55,000 instructors have undergone a full instructor-training course (Urgent need to look into training of trainers) (Planning Commission). About 95% of the world youth (15 - 35 yrs) age learn any type of vocation / skill / trade, with a choice of 3000 vocational streams. In India we have identified only about 170 trades and only 2-3% of the youth (15-29 yrs) goes in for formal vocational training.
Contd.
6
The proportion of persons (15-29 yrs) who received formal vocational training was the highest among the unemployed.
3 % for the employed 11% for the unemployed, and 2% for persons not in the labour force
China has nearly 500,000 senior higher secondary vocational schools, whereas we have about 5100 ITIs and 6000 VET schools in all. To boost Vocational Education and Skill Development Prime Minister in his Independence Day address stated to open
1600 new ITIs and Polytechnics 50,000 new Skill Development Centers,
Compared to many developed countries India is far behind in introducing new and innovative trades in VET to attract young childrens. About 5% to 7% of our population (50 to 70 million) every year should be involved in vocational programmes.
Of all new employment generated 1% is government jobs, 2% are in the Organised sector and 97% in the unorganized sector
Countries labour force in (20-24 yrs) age undergone formal vocational training India - 5 % Mexico - 28 % Most industrialised nations - 60 to 80 % Korea - 96 %.
8 Contd.
Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Israel and China have supported vocational education at the school level on a large scale since the decade of 1970s.
A strategy to achieve full employment must include as an important component, a strategy to ensure that all new entrants to the workforce are equipped with the knowledge and skill needed for high productivity and high quality.
Source: Data compiled from Planning Commission Reports, NSSO, Times of India, The Economic Times
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Health sector: Shortage of 5 lakh doctors and 10 lakh Nurses. IT sector : Shortage of 5 lakhs (half a million) engineers. Education sector: Faculty shortage of 25-40 percent. Automobiles: employment expected to increase to 25million by 2015-16 from current 10.5 million, majority in the shop floor of auto manufacturing
Logistics: will grow in tandem with growth in trade, aviation and tourism
Banking and Finance sector: 50-80 percent personnel shortage. Aviation sector: Severe shortage of pilots and ground duty officials. Textile sector: employ 35 million directly, besides 55 million in its allied sector. Expected to generate additional 14million jobs by 2012 Pharma sector: Severe shortage of top pharma scientists as research expenditure by pharma companies has quadrupled in the last 5 years. Thus there is a shortage of middle-level and junior scientists too. This has made salaries of top pharma scientists rise to US levels. Project Management Services-this labour intensive sector will grow with growth in corporate structure, infrastructure & retail industry
Source: Data compiled from (FICCI report, New Delhi); (NASSCOM); (NASSCOM McKinsey Report 2006); (Press Release, Ministry of Com. & Ind. April 7, 2006); (Presentation made by NMCC to National Advisory Council, February 18, 2006) (IL&FS, 2008) 14
In 2020, the average Indian will be only 29 years old, compared with the average age of 37 years in China and the US, 45 in west Europe and 48 in Japan.
Source: (National Population Policy 2000 ); (BRICS report of Goldman Sachs ), NSSO report
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The challenges are immense and in order to achieve the goals there has to be substantial expansion of quality technical/ vocational education and training for raising employability and productivity.
The skills provided have to be attuned to: New business requirements; Improving quality of education and trainings at all levels; and Make technical/ vocational education system more flexible and inclusive for sustainable growth.
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Appropriate strategies to be adopted Expand and upgrade vocational education and training Expand and upgrade higher technical education Promote research in educational institutions; and Redesign the educational pattern at the school level to facilitate skill development.
17
education
and training clear policy for facilitating capacity expansion through private sector participation. make investment in vocational training institutes bankable promote industry and academia interaction to narrow the existing gap between the demand and supply of the skilled manpower
It is very important at this stage to have different problem specific policy because one policy is not going to fit in.
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Challenges to be addressed
Disconnect between skills provided and skills required by the industry Revision of course curricula lags behind the need of the industry Out-dated machinery/ tools and technology Skill demand of Services/ Unorganized Sector are largely unmet Unsatisfactory employability of trainees because of poor quality of training
Shortage of trained instructors and low instructor training capacity in the country
Low prestige attached to vocational training
19
Recommendations
Need for creation of large scale skill development opportunities and infrastructure to meet the demand of skilled work force by the industry and service sector to keep the economy growing, to facilitate employability of the rapidly growing work force Integration of vocational education at the school level to impart the basic technical skills to a large number of new entrants to the labour force Special reorientation for the school drop-outs through professional career counseling 20 widespread use of ICT in skill training
Skill Mapping
To identify precise skill requirement for the growth of industry-ready manpower
Flexibility
Academics should be more flexible and interdisciplinary. Vertical as well as horizontal mobility between different stream of education, and while VE and VT are being dealt with separately, it is essential that both form part of a continuum and a common framework. Build Specific programmes enterprise skills into all VET
21
Participation of private sector to be encouraged at the ITI level of skill development & vocational education and training.
Develop quality ITIs and Polytechnics with skill development courses in association with industry to run these Institutionalize and establish coordination between the private sector and the government to run institutions for skill development. Polytechnics should also be given ' Management quota'. Participation of industry in operating ITIs and technical institutes be encouraged and a scheme of incentives in terms of IT tax rebate, etc. be considered.
22
Informal training for short duration at affordable fees structure expansion of non-formal programmes, based on demand, can bridge the gap between demand and supply of skilled manpower.
23
Special Strategy to be planned for remote areas Course and Curriculum development: Curricula to be revised periodically. flexible approach in developing courses and curriculum. Curriculum be developed based of the learning outcome rather than on prescribed rigid format
Add On' specialized vocational courses to be offered at University & Higher Institution level.
Add-on and industry oriented courses be provided for meeting the demand in industry. Modular system of VET be facilitated at different level giving due weightage to experience in industry and professions.
25 Contd.
Hands on experience be duly rewarded through this process. A central agency be created for refining courses. For value addition, 3-6 months courses in banking, insurance, IT, finance, etc. can be offered which can then be outsourced to companies and banks. Modification of the apprenticeship Training system with focus on imparting incremental skills through short duration courses such as carpentry, plumbing, masonry, tile makers, painters, electricians etc.
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More and more market oriented popular Trades Increase in the number of trades in ITIs. Drop unpopular trades and introduce those with new areas of concern keeping in view the demand of the Industry Optimum utilization of available resources
Infrastructure available in Polytechnics and engineering colleges be utilized optimally by following an integrated model of skill building programmes in these colleges.
Collaborative effort to utilize the existing infrastructure will maximize the resources available Increase the capacity by running two / three shifts
27
An appropriate certificate system should be instituted by the Central and state governments along with industry for certifying the skills of trainees
Certification to be linked with training Encourage Testing of the skills of trainees by independent assessing bodies Proficiency test in various trades by independent body. Skills to be quantified in terms of grades or credits Separate agency for certification i.e. National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) as in Australia where workers on the job floor can be tested and certified. Independent Certification: Certification jointly with the Government institution and certified bodies or Industry certification would carry maximum weightage. 28
Active participation of industry in training programmes conducted in ITIs and technical institutions.
Encourage employment of retired trained manpower from the defense forces, employ skilled workers from the industry and also retired instructors A number of autonomous bodies can set up faculty training institutions to provide up to date training.
30 At least 15 days training every year should be mandatory.
Vocational education to be more computer aided and computerized programmes should be part of the curriculum.
31
Creating Awareness
There is lack of awareness about type of courses, trades, institutions and opportunities in case of VET.
create awareness and provide all possible information in various fields through various means.
Create certain key location/centers where all such type of informations are provided. Such center should act as repository of information a testing center where some of the courses may even be conducted provide all information regarding courses, location and certification
32
Autonomy
Autonomous Corporation State level Skill Development
Autonomous
accreditation
Autonomy be given to institutions for deciding syllabus, course content etc. as the current system of approval from various regulatory bodies is extremely time consuming.
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