A Seminar On Summer Training At

WESTERN RAILWAY ,UJJAIN

INDIAN RAILWAYS
Indian Railways has one of the largest and busiest rail networks in the world. The Indian Railways is the largest civilian employer in the world at approximately 1.6 million employees. Indian Railways is a department owned and controlled by the Govt. of India, via the Mininstry of Railways.

Electronic Exchange
Supports large communication network of Railways.

Facilitates Internet, Fax etc.

Processing based on:-

Switching(provides bidirectional speech)

Signaling (establish connection)

Controlling Easy fault diagnosis and smaller set up.

OPTICAL FIBRE EVOLUTION: Simple telephone wires formed the basis of communication in the earliest era of Indian Railways. Two stations were connected via telephone lines but the communication was subjected to the problem of limited channels. NEW CONCEPT: Optical fiber cables were capable of carrying large number of channels. Under this system , many complex and sophisticated instruments exist. Optical fiber is delicate and requires a correct and fix approach as a mistake of 0.01% can fail the whole system.

CONSTRUCTION

DEMAND IN INDIAN RAILWAY:

Mainly 6*4 OFCS are used in Railways. 6*4 means that there are 6 groups , each containing 4 cables or optical fibers so that there is total of 24 optical fibers in each cable. MAINTENANCE: To prevent the malfunctioning of fibre a)Isopropyl solution b)Isopropane solution is used to remove the dust from the tip.

OPTICAL FIBER

LOSS IN OPTICAL FIBER

Splicer-the facilitator of fusing. Based on thermal energy , splicer helps to melt the fibres and thus fuse them. Splice loss:-Loss introduced while splicing process. Defects that can be seen after splicing are:a)Bubbling b)Neck down/Not spliced c)Thickening d)Streak

DEFECTSPOSSIBLE CAUSES
Bubbling a) wrong fiber selection b) faulty cleave c) dirty fiber d) degradation of electrodes a) wrong fusion b) faulty cleave c) excessive arc current d) insufficient fiber feed a) wrong fusion b) excessive fiber feed c) excessive arc current

Not spliced

Thickening

PRECAUTIONS :
To reduce the splice loss , tips of fiber must be cleaned with Isopropane and Isopropyl solutions. Fibre ends must also be cleaned properly.

Base fibre must be wiped with tint free tissue soaked withdenatured alcohol.
An arc in the machine can damage the retina of human eye, wearing a protection glass is recommended while operation.