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Engine Dissection - Nuts and Bolts

Threaded Fastener Issues on Engine:
Types Materials/Grades Tightening Torque

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Threaded Fasteners
Did you know that? the Boeing 747 uses about 2.5 million fasteners
70,000 titanium costing $150,000 400,000 other fasteners costing about $250,000 30,000 squeeze rivets, 50cents each installed

In certain applications (such as an engine head), you should tighten the bolt as much as possible, if it does not fail by twisting during tightening, there is a very good possibility that the bolt will never fail

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Why are fasteners used?

Advantages
Removable Easy to install Wide variety of standard parts

Disadvantages
loosening failure cost

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Types
Machine

screws

Wood screws

Tapping screws

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Standard Thread Systems

Unified or American SI (ISO) ACME

Pipe (UK)

Whitworth

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Typical Designation
1/2 - 13 UNC - 2A
external thread (B means internal)
Terminology of screw threads Sharp vee threads shown for clarity; the crests and roots are actually flattened or rounded during the forming operation.

Class of fit (1 is loosest tolerance, 3 is tightest) Thread Series UNC (Unified Coarse) UNF (Unified Fine) Pitch (threads/inch) Nominal Diameter (also shown as decimal or screw #)
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Bolt Grades

Grade indicates the tensile strength of the bolt Determined by bolt material and heat treating

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Materials
Lets look at the example of engine head bolts
The head is alumimum, so why are the head bolts made of steel ? In what cases might you want to use an aluminum bolt?

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Tightening Torque
It is typical on engines for bolts to have a specified tightening torque. Why? It results in a quantified preload on the bolts Insures that parts never separate Maintains friction (no sliding to shear forces) Insures even distribution of loading
prevent warpage of mating parts uniform pressure distribution over seal or gasket

Prevents

bolt from loosening Reduces fatique effects

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Bolt Manufacturing Processes

Forging (upsetting)

a)

Rolling
b)

Thread-rolling processes: a) reciprocating flat dies; and b) two-roller dies. Threaded fasteners, such as bolts, are made economically by these processes at high rates of production
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Manufacturing Processes continued

Turning

on screw machines

(a) Differences in the diameters of machined and rolled threads. (b) Grain flow in machined and rolled threads. Unlike machining, which cuts through the grains of the metal, rolled threads have improved strength because of cold working and favorable grain flow.
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References
Kalpakjian,

S. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 2nd Edition, Addison Wesley, 1992. Spotts, M.F., Design of Machine Elements. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985. Shigley, Joseph and Mitchell, Larry, Mechanical Engineering Design. McGrawHillBook Company, 1983.

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