Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Outline
Introduction Desertification and Land Degradation Processes Kyrgyzstan Water Resources and Irrigation Water User Associations in the Kyrgyz Republic Case Study WUA Performance in Orok Village Conclusions
Objectives
What are Impacts from investments in Sustainable Land and Water Management (SLM)? Linkages between SLM, economic growth, poverty reduction, and good governance?
Do investments in Natural Resources Management Improve peoples livelihoods? Decrease land degradation rates? Strengthen local environmental governance?
Do Water User Associations (WUAs) Achieve positive results in SLM?
Causes
Multiple, complex, and varied Over-exploitation of natural resources Poor agricultural practices, overgrazing, deforestation, etc.
Central Asia
Cooperation
Water-saving technologies in agriculture Enterprises for agricultural technology Water Users Associations (federations) Best practices Principles of free-market-oriented agricultural systems
CACILM
Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management ADB supported program to
Promote sustainable land management Build capacity in land and water resource management
Research
Integrated resource management
2003
Highly saline 14,900 ha Moderately saline 31,600 ha Slightly saline 65,200 ha Waterlogged 114,100 ha
Kyrgyz Economy
Mountainous country
Ave. elevation 2,750 m
Water Use
Agricultural
9.4 billion m3
To
Many small-scale producers in a market economy
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year
Caused by
Abandonment of farms Unsustainable agricultural practices Weak linkage between land users and state agencies and private sector Decreased land reclamation Poverty of rural population
Caused by
low efficiency of irrigation networks due to poor maintenance low efficiency of water use at the farm level deterioration of drainage network lack of financial and technical resources
WUAs
1995 2002
On-farm irrigation systems transferred to WUAs
2005
Water rights based on hydrological basins Tariffs reflects irrigation and drainage system O&M costs
IMT in Kyrgyzstan
IMT to WUAs
1991
504 irrigation systems 1 million irrigated ha
2005
430 WUAs 708 thousand irrigated ha
Successful where
cash crops are grown
Improvements expected
Rule of law Financial management Water user awareness Farmer participation
WUA Sustainability
Establish & collect fees
Cover O&M, and administrative costs Water service fees
In kind payments
Allowed up to 30% Running 50% - 80%
Debt $3,108
6833 inhabitants
1931 families
1867 have no conveniences 210 Poor Families ($186/person/year) 65 Moderately Poor ($124/person/year) 28 Extremely Poor ($44/person/year)
Staff
Director Accountant Hydraulic technician Ditch riders (seasonal)
Farmers: Where can we get good seeds?
Irrigation Systems
Water Use in Irrigation & WUA Effectiveness
~100% using furrow and border strip irrigation 65% measured volume with a weir 35% measured volume "by eye ~100% water distributed appropriately
Crop Yields
Farmers have
7 tractors 2 harvesters 3 balers 6 trucks
Farm Animals
(2004 as % of 2002)
Farm Microcredit
Some farmers obtained loans ($958 - $5,180) Some farmers did not
High rates (up to 30%) Difficult document preparation Repayment difficulty Length of loan period
Some Problems
Shortages of
Funds (farmers, village, WUA)
Maintenance of machinery, irrigation systems and structures. New machinery and equipment
Conclusions
Problems of WUAs
Tariffs for irrigation services are too low Excessive "in kind" payment of irrigation service fees
WUAs
Passive Lack physical infrastructure Management not aware of authority and responsibility Incomplete managerial functions Lack management transparency Poor auditing conditions
Conclusions
Benefits of WUAs
Water users
Use irrigation water more responsibly Understand that excessive use of water for irrigation has a cost Participate in water management Undertake mutually agreed activities for resource management Participate in establishing tariffs for irrigation water supply Control operation and maintenance of irrigation systems Take responsibility for decision making and implementation Reduction of moisture-loving crops New institutions have demonstrated potential and vitality Set example of proper management of local associations Provide input to water sector reform Assist in restructuring water resources management Improve water distribution Advise on irrigation methods
WUAs