Chapter 2

The Essence of Nursing: Knowledge and Caring

CHAPTER 2 OBJECTIVES
Discuss issues related to defining nursing. Discuss the knowledge-caring dyad. Describe knowledge, knowledge worker, and knowledge management. Explain the meaning of caring to nursing. Discuss the relevance of scholarship to nursing.

CHAPTER 2 OBJECTIVES
Describe the relationship of theory to nursing and identify several critical nursing theories. Discuss the importance of research to nursing. Illustrate how professional literature and new modalities of scholarship are part of nursing scholarship. Compare and contrast the major nursing roles. Summarize the critical elements of leadership in nursing.

INTRODUCTION
Science of nursing: knowledge Art of nursing: caring Nurses devalue the care they provide

NURSING: HOW DO WE DEFINE IT? (1 of 4)

Can nursing be defined? Why do we need a definition? Is there one universal definition? What needs further consideration in defining nursing?
What drives nurses to do what they do Why nurses do what they do What is achieved by what nurses do

NURSING: HOW DO WE DEFINE IT? (2 of 4)

Purposes of defining nursing
To guide research For political acceptance To convince legislators of nursings importance To explain to consumers what nursing is To explain in general what nurses do

NURSING: HOW DO WE DEFINE IT? (3 of 4)

What are the critical terms found in many definitions of nursing?
Promotion of health Prevention of illness and injury Diagnosis Human response Treatment Advocacy

NURSING: HOW DO WE DEFINE IT? (4 of 4)

What are the six essential features of professional nursing?
Caring relationship Range of human experiences and responses Integration of data with knowledge Application of knowledge and use of judgment Advancement of the profession Influence on social and public policy

KNOWLEDGE AND CARING: A TOTAL CONCEPT (1 of 4)

Knowledge and caring form critical dyad
Clinical reasoning and judgment (critical thinking)

Knowledge
Five ways of knowing ANAs knowledge base for nursing practice Knowledge Management

KNOWLEDGE AND CARING: A TOTAL CONCEPT (2 of 4)

Knowledge
Critical Thinking, Reflective Thinking, and Intuition: Impact on Knowledge Development and Leading to Clinical Reasoning and Judgment
Critical Thinking: components, intellectual traits Reflective Thinking: use ways of knowing Intuition: related to experience

KNOWLEDGE AND CARING: A TOTAL CONCEPT (3 of 4)

Caring
Four perspectives Watsons Theory Nurse-patient relationship Four aspects of offering of self Impact of technology

KNOWLEDGE AND CARING: A TOTAL CONCEPT (4 of 4)

Competency
Expected demonstrable behaviors Changing focus of nursing IOM core competencies
Provide patient-centered care. Work with interdisciplinary teams. Employ evidence-based practice. Apply quality improvement. Utilize informatics.

SCHOLARSHIP IN NURSING (1 of 4)
What Does Scholarship Mean?
Other activities that are scholarly Scholarship not limited to educational institutions
Science as accessible to practitioners

SCHOLARSHIP IN NURSING (2 of 4)
Nursing Theory
Justify nursing as an academic discipline Theories as abstract guides Possible issues of future theories
Consumerism Empowering nurses Globalization

SCHOLARSHIP IN NURSING (3 of 4)
Nursing Research
Basic and applied Patient centered The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) Evidence-Based Practice

SCHOLARSHIP IN NURSING (4 of 4)
Professional Literature
Textbooks Journals

New Modalities of Scholarship

Web-based learning Technology Teaching and learning

MULTIPLE NURSING ROLES AND LEADERSHIP (1 of 2)

Key Nursing Roles
Provider of Care Educator Counselor Manager Researcher

MULTIPLE NURSING ROLES AND LEADERSHIP (2 of 2)

Key Nursing Roles
Collaborator Change Agent (Intrapreneur) Entrepreneur Patient Advocate

THE IMPORTANCE OF LEADERSHIP TO NURSING ROLES

Use of transformation leadership
Patient safety net Transformational qualities

Management vs. leadership AONE Guiding Principles for Future Patient Care Delivery