Kingdom: Plants

Domain Eukarya

Domain Eubacteria

Domain Archaea

Domain Eukarya

2007-2008
Common ancestor

Plant Diversity

non-vascular land plants

seedless vascular plants

Gymnosperm pollen & naked seeds conifers

Angiosperm flowers & fruit flowering plants flowers

mosses

ferns pollen & seeds

vascular system = water conduction

colonization of land

Evolution of Land Plants

500 mya land plants evolved special adaptations for life on dry land
protection from drying (cuticle) gas exchange (through stomata) water & nutrient conducting systems

seeds

Basic Plant Anatomy

Growth in Plants
Specific regions of growth: meristems
stem cells: perpetually embryonic tissue regenerate new cells

shoot

root

Angiosperm: Flowering Plants

Alternation of Generations

Seed & Plant embryo

Seed offers
protection for embryo stored nutrients for growth of embryo
endosperm (3n)

seed coat

cotyledons embryo (2n)

cotyledons = seed leaves, first leaves of new plant

Hormone Action on Plants Slide #17 A. Plant cells can produce hormones: which are chemical messengers that travel throughout the plant causing other cells called target cells to respond. control: 1. Plant growth & development 2. Plant responses to environment

Hormoneproducing cells

Movement B. In plants, hormones of hormone

Target cells

Cells in one blooming flower signals other blooms using hormones to open.

Transition to reproduction
When to flower is a matter of the survival of species

Vegetative phase Reproductive phase

Plant hormones
auxin gibberellins abscisic acid ethylene and more

Control Systems in Plants

Auxin
Effects
controls cell division & differentiation phototropism
growth towards light asymmetrical distribution of auxin (lateral movement) cells on darker side elongate faster than cells on brighter side

Mechanism of Auxin

Gibberellins
Cause Growth

Family of hormones
over 100 different gibberellins identified What they do depends on type and plant

Effects
stem elongation fruit growth seed germination Break dormancy and germinate

Abscisic acid (ABA)

Effects
slows growth seed dormancy
high concentrations of abscisic acid
germination only after ABA is inactivated or leeched out

Ethylene
Hormone gas released by plant cells Effects
fruit ripening leaf drop
like in Autumn apoptosis

Fruit ripening
Adaptation
hard, tart fruit protects developing seed from herbivores ripe, sweet, soft fruit attracts animals to disperse seed

Mechanism
triggers ripening process
breakdown of cell wall
softening

conversion of starch to sugar

sweetening

positive feedback system

ethylene triggers ripening ripening stimulates more ethylene production

Apoptosis in plants
Many events in plants involve apoptosis
response to hormones
ethylene auxin

death of annual plant after flowering

senescence

differentiation of xylem vessels

loss of cytoplasm

shedding of autumn leaves