Linear Integrated Circuits

Click to edit Master subtitle style Unit-III

Analog Multiplier and PLL

Multiplier
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Non linear operation Output proportional to the product of two signals Uses log and antilog circuits Applications
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Frequency doubling, measurement of real power, detecting phase angle, multiplication, division, squaring a signal and square root of a signal

Single quadrant, two quadrant, four quadrant multiplier

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Terminologies
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Accuracy: deriving actual output from ideal output Linearity: maximum percentage derivation from the ideal output Linearity error: maximum absolute derivation, imposes lower limit on accuracy Squaring mode accuracy: maximum derivation from absolute square law curve Bandwidth: 3-dB Bw => output reduces by 3dB, Transconductance BW: transcon reduced by 3dB

Linear Error

Squaring Error

Analog multiplier using Emitter coupled transistor

Gilbert Multiplier cell

Gilbert Multiplier cell (DC Analysis)

Applications of Gilbert multiplier cell

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If V1 and V2 < VT Gilbert cell behaves as a multiplier as tanh function becomes linear however, inclusion of non linearity can extend the input voltage range One of the input is >VT the transistor associated with that behaves as switch; works as a modulator Both inputs > VT all transistors behave as non saturating switches; useful in detection of phase difference between signals

Gilbert cell as a Multiplier

Pre-warping circuit Inverse tanh

Continued
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Differential o/p current is proportional to the product of input voltages This holds good for output currents of differential voltage to current convertors are positive Compensating non-linearity on V2 makes collector current of Q1 and Q2 directly proportional to V2 rather than its tanh Hence combination of Q1 and Q2 is redundant, output current of voltage-current converter can be fed to Q3-Q4, Q5-Q6 pairs

A Complete Analog Multiplier

Continued..
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Complete analog multiplier consists of core transistors, input voltage-current converters and output current to voltage amplifier Core configuration is common to most four quadrant transconductance multipliers The circuit has the transresistance The output voltage usually chosen so that And all the voltages have a 10V range.

Variable Transconductance techniques of the basic The differential output

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transconductance multiplier is Where is the transconductance Second input Vy applied w.r.t current source can vary transconductance If then The overall output voltage is

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It depends on absolute termeratureT It has a drawback, common mode voltage swing caused being emitter current as a function of second input

Continued two differential stages in This is overcome by using

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parallel and cross coupling their output Gilbert However the dynamic range is limited for linear multiplier applications Features:
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Simpler to integrate into a monolithic chip Cheaper, has good accuracy with reduced error It is available in four quadrant unlike logarithmic multiplier Available with high speed of operation Bandwidth of 10MHz an higher values are available

Generation of Logarithmic bias input for differential stage

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The voltage current transfer characteristics of differential pair