Originally applied to military and religious

expeditions organized in Western Europe and

intended to take back from and defend
against Islam the Holy Places of Palestine and
nearby Syria
the term was later extended to all wars waged
against "infidels" and even to any
undertaking carried out in the name of a
worthy or supposedly worthy cause; naturally
these extensions of meaning are not part of
our present concern.
The first Crusade (1096-99), led to the
establishment around Jerusalem, Tripoli,
Antioch and Edessa of four States constituting
(and later including Cyprus, then the Latin
Empire of Constantinople) the Latin East,
which from then on until the recapture of its
last citadel Acre by the Muslims in 1291
The second Crusade started by the fall of
Edessa bore no concrete results;
the third, started by the fall of Jerusalem,
ensured the maintenance of "Frankish"
possessions on the Syro-Palestinian coast;
the fourth was only concerned with
Constantinople,
the fifth failed at Damietta in Egypt,
the sixth was more of a diplomatic journey by
Frederick II and brought about the temporary
restitution of Jerusalem to the Franks,
the seventh led by St. Louis after the loss once
more of the Holy City ended in another
disaster at Damietta
the eighth, which brought the same king to
Tunis, ended with his death.
The specific character of the Crusades was not
and could not be understood by Muslims. The
very term, hurub al-salibiyyah, used to
designate them in modern Arab literature,
was unknown to ancient authors, who
referred to Crusaders by the plain ethnical
term "Franks", and seems to have made its
appearance during the Ottoman period in
Christian circles of the East influenced by
French culture.
The theory of the Crusade, a war for the
defence or liberation of
oppressed co-religionists, differs from the
theory of the jihad, a war for the
expansion of Islam
the Crusades appear as a reaction, which had
gradually been desired and made possible,
against the humiliation of four centuries
caused by the Muslim conquest of half the
Mediterranean basin
In the East it is true that the Turkoman
invasion of Asia Minor revived amongst a
particular social group the tradition of
Muslim Holy War in the form of
ÿŠazwa, bringing disaster to
Byzantine Christendom
Peribadi Pope Urban 11
Kurangkan penduduk di Eropah
Selesaikan masalah ekonomi
Kepentingan pedagang
Anggapan orang Islam sebagai kafir/ murtad/
ajaran salah dan tidak patut tinggal di
Jerusalem
The Crusaders' conquests only affected
territory which was incompletely Islamized,
relatively small and quickly reduced by
gradual Muslim reconquest, and even in
Syria-Palestine did not reach any of the large
Muslim centres.
Tiga buah wilayah
Edessa
Antakia
jerusalem
Sistem feudal diamalkan
Dua kelas –agamawan/keluarga raja dan
Tentera salib
Tiada hubungan dgn rakyat biasa
Penduduk tempatan lari/mati
Tiada hubungan kebudayaan
Gereja Latin berjaya kuasai ortodoks
Hasil yg sedikit, usaha yangbanyak
Menyerang jiran mereka di Eropah/Asia
Cita2 yg besar tapi begaduh sesama mereka
Muslim tidak masuk keristian
Tujuan nak hapuskan muslim tapi gagal
Ortodoks pindah ke Turki krn takut.
Tujuan utk selamatkan keristian tapi muslim
bangkit dan kalahkan semuanya
Mereka datang utk bergaduh sahaja – ilmu
tidak diambil berat
Berjaya naikkan nama Pope
Mongol lebih berjaya utk hapuskan muslim
Keruhkan hubungan baik dgn muslim
Kalah dlm perang
Terkenal tamak, tidak sabar, ganas.
Tiada tamadun – rosakkan bangunan, bunuh
manusia, binatang,
Bergaduh dgn penduduk tempatan
Faith without wisdom