Reinforced Concrete Design

Introduction to Columns
Introduction to Columns
Three categories
Short compression blocks or pedestals
Short reinforced concrete columns
Long or slender reinforced concrete columns

Short compression blocks or pedestals
Height is less than three times it least lateral dimension.
ACI 2.2 and 10.14: May be designed with plain concrete with a
design compressive strength if 0.85f
c
where = 0.7.
Introduction to Columns
Short reinforced concrete columns
A stocky member with little flexibility. Would fail first due to
material failure.
The load it supports is controlled by the size of the cross section and
by the strength of the materials.

Long or slender reinforced concrete columns
Have large bending deformations that
result in secondary moments that reduce
the axial load capacity of the columns.
Introduction to Columns
Type of Columns
Tied Columns
Spirally-Reinforced Columns
Composite Columns

Introduction to Columns
Axial Load Capacity of Columns
For spiral columns (| = 0.75):


For tied columns (| = 0.7):


The previous expressions are only to be used when there is no
moment or when it is very small. Moment is very small when
e < 0.10h for tied columns and when e < 0.05h for spiral columns.


h = outside diameter for round column
= total depth of square or rectangular column
'
0.8 [0.85 ( ) ]
n C g st y st
P f A A f A | | = +
'
0.85 [0.85 ( ) ]
n C g st y st
P f A A f A | | = +
u
u
M
e
P
=
Introduction to Columns
Code requirements longitudinal bars
ACI 7.6.3: Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less
than 1.5d
b
nor less than 4cm.

ACI 10.9.2: Minimum number of longitudinal bars: 4 for bars within
rectangular or circular ties, 3 bars within triangular shapes, 6 for bars
enclosed within spirals.

ACI 10.9.1:
min
max
0.01
0.08

=
=
Introduction to Columns
Code requirements for ties
ACI 7.10.5.1: Minimum tie size: |10 for longitudinal bars |32 or
smaller; |12 for larger longitudinal bars or for bundled bars.

ACI 7.10.5.2: Maximum center-to-center spacing shall not be more
than
16 times the diameter of longitudinal bars ,
48 times the diameter of the ties, or
the least dimension of the column.

ACI 7.10.5.3: The ties must be arranged so that every corner and
alternate longitudinal bar will have support provided by the corner of
a tie having an included angle not greater than 135
o
.
Introduction to Columns
Code requirements for ties

Introduction to Columns
Code requirements for spirals
ACI 10.9.3: Minimum spiral percentage:



Pitch can then be determined with this expression:



ACI 7.10.4: Spacing may not be less than 2.5cm
and may not be larger than 7.5cm.
Cover
ACI 7.7.1(c): Minimum cover = 4cm
'
0.45
1
g
c
s
sy c
A
f
f A

(
=
(

'
4
0.45 1
s
g
c
c
c sy
a
S
A
f
D
A f
=
| |
(

|
(
|

\ .
Introduction to Columns
Example 1
Design a tied column that is subjected to the following axial compression
loads: P
DL
= 100 tons and P
LL
= 50 tons.
The material properties are as follows
' 2 2
250 / , 4200 /
C y
f kg cm f kg cm = =
1.2 1.6 1.2 100 1.6 50 200
u DL LL
P P P ton = + = + =
Calculate the ultimate load
Step 1: Calculate column dimension
Calculate the cross section area
Assume = 1%
' '
0.52 [0.85 ( 0.85 )]
u g C g y C
P A f f f = +
2
1415
g
A cm =
3
200 10 0.52 [0.85 250 0.01(4200 0.85 250)]
g
A = +
Assume column width = 25cm
1415
56.6 60
25
h cm h cm = = =
'
0.8 [0.85 ( ) ]
n C g st y st
P f A A f A | | = +
Introduction to Columns
2
0.01 25 60 15
S C
A A cm = = =
Step 2: Calculate longitudinal reinforcement area
Choose 8 | 16
Step 3: Calculate stirrups
Choose stirrup diameter of 8mm
The spacing between ties is the smallest of
16(1.6) = 25.6cm
48(0.8) = 38.4cm
25cm
Use ties | 8mm spaced @ 25cm
Introduction to Columns
' 2 2
250 / , 4200 /
C y
f kg cm f kg cm = =
2
2.5
18
4
0.044
80 25
g
t

| |

|
\ .
= =

' '
0.52 [0.85 ( 0.85 )]
u g C g y C
P A f f f = +
403.5
u
P tons =
( )
0.52 80 25 [0.85 250 0.044(4200 0.85 250)]/1000
u
P = +
Introduction to Columns
Example 3
Design a spiral column that is subjected to the following axial compression
loads: P
DL
= 60 tons and P
LL
= 60 tons.
The material properties are as follows
' 2 2
280 / , 4200 /
C y
f kg cm f kg cm = =
1.2 1.6 1.2 60 1.6 60 168
u DL LL
P P P tons = + = + =
Calculate the ultimate load
Step 1: Calculate column diameter
Calculate the cross section area
Assume = 1%
' '
0.595 [0.85 ( 0.85 )]
u g C g y C
P A f f f = +
2
949
g
A cm =
3
168 10 0.595 [0.85 280 0.01(4200 0.85 280)]
g
A = +
Taken as 35cm
4 949
34.7 D cm
t

= =
Introduction to Columns
( )( )
2
2
0.01 / 4 35 9.62
S C
A A cm t = = =
Step 2: Calculate longitudinal reinforcement area
Choose 7 | 14
Step 3: Calculate spiral reinforcement
Choose stirrup diameter of 8mm
D
C
= 35 - 4 - 4 = 27cm
'
4
0.45 1
s
g
c
c
c sy
a
S
A
f
D
A f
=
| |
(

|
(
|

\ .
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
4(0.50)
3.63
/ 4 35
280
0.45 27 1
4200
/ 4 27
S cm
t
t
= =
(
| |
(
|
\ .
(

Taken as 3.5cm (center-to-center)
Sc = 3.5 0.8 = 2.7 cm O.K within ACI limits.
Introduction to Columns
' 35 2(4) 2(0.8) 1.4 24 D cm = =
Step 4: Check spacing between longitudinal reinforcement bars
12
sin(64.3) 10.41
sin(51.430
S cm = =
10.41 1.4 9.01 1.5(1.4) 4 Sc cm cm OK = = > >