Dewatering/Ground Water Control

Definition
Ground water can be defined as water which is held temporarily in the soil above the level of water table
Dewatering is a process to lower down the water table to give reasonably dry working conditions especially for excavations activities.

Control of Ground Water

Can be divided into two groups:
Permanent exclusion of ground water (cut-off wall to

the flow of ground water) Temporary exclusion of ground water by lowering down the water table

Control of Ground Water

SUMP PUMPING
Pumping from sumps is the most widely used since it can

be applied to all types of ground conditions and is economical to install and maintain. The only problem is the settlement: the ground is likely to move as the water flows towards the sump area. There is also a risk of instability at the formation level in supported excavations, owing to the upward movement of water. These problems can be partially overcome by positioning the sump at a corner of the excavation at a level below the formation level

SUMP PUMPING
OPEN PUMPING / SUMP PUMPING
pumping from sumps and ditches least expensive method: from the standpoint of direct dewatering cost if conditions are wrong, it can result in delays, cost overrun or catastrophic failures must identify those conditions that are not favorable to open pumping before deciding to proceed with it: impairing the foundation of proposed structure or of existing structure nearby delaying the project or escalating cost of excavation endangering workers

SUMP PUMPING

sump below formation level in corner of excavation

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SUMP PUMPING

Jetted Sump Detail

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WELLPOINT SYSTEM
has been used> 50 years, most versatile method and effective in all type of soil may not be the most economical method for a given job due to advances in other pre drainage tool most suitable for shallow aquifer (water level need to be lowered < 6 m) multi stages will be used for lowering > 6 m

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well points
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DEEP BORED WELLS

Each with individual pump (involve a high unit cost) Advances in well design (aquifer analysis) and construction techniques, and pump technology have made it practical to utilize deep well Best suited to homogeneous aquifers that extended well below the excavation level Can be installed to greater depth (up to 12 m) Volume pumped by each well is high thus wider spacing is practical Careful exploration, including a pump test, must be carried out before undertaking this method

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DEEP BORED WELL

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Horizontal Ground Water Control

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Horizontal Ground Water Control

Installing into the ground 100mm diameter PVC

perforated suction pipe covered with a nylon filter sleeve to prevent the infiltration of fine particles Using special machine which excavate a narrow trench, lays the pipe and backfill the excavation

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Horizontal Ground Water Control

Procedure: To sink a lined shaft by boring methods into clay layers. Shaft is large enough to allow men to go down & install horizontal wells, which are jacked into ground. Wells consist of outer and inner casing. Wells are provided with valves, where they pass through the wall of shaft. It the method of permanent drainage measure.

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Electro-osmosis

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Electro-osmosis
Uncommon method
Costly Cohesive soils- clay and silts On the principles that soils carry a negative charge. Insert two electrodes and passing electric charge

between them, anode and cathode (well point) Electric current is passed between the anode and cathode causes the positively charged water molecule to flow the well point.
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GROUTING METHOD
CEMENT GROUT

- form a curtain. Mixture of neat cement and water CLAY/CEMENTS GROUT - suitable for sand and gravels where soil particles are too small for cement grout. Bentonite with additive (Portland cement/soluble silicates) CHEMICAL GROUTING - for medium to coarse sands and gravels. The chemical form a permanent gel RESIN GROUTING - for silty fine sand, similar application of chemical grouts BITUMINOUS GROUT - For fine sand to decrease permeability not increase the strength thus unsuitable for underpinning works GROUT INJECTION - Grouts of all kinds are usually injected into the subsoil by pumping in the mixture at high pressure through tubes.
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GROUTING
Grouting is a displacement process in which a fluid, overlying the voids in Groundmass (soil or rocks) is placed by another fluid which is more suitable for improving the properties of the groundmass. This fluid will solidify overtime by physio-chemical action and interaction with pores. This grouting increasing the strength and/or reducing the permeability of groundmass. Thus improving the characteristics of ground mass. The success of grouting is dependent in selection and type of grout materials and suitable grouting technique. There are mainly two types of grouts which commonly used, cement grout and

chemical grout/Chemical consolidation.

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TYPICAL SKETCH OF GROUTING EQUIPMENT

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Characteristics of Grout
Stability of grout
Particle size Viscosity Strength Permanence

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Types of Grout use

Cement-based: * OPC/SRC. * Cement/ Bentonite. * Cement/Sand. * Cement/ Fly ash * Micro fine Cement * Polyurethanes. * Resins. * Asphalt emulsion

Chemical based: * Sodium Silicates.

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Procedure for cement grouting

A small (100-200mm dia.) hole is drilled to the required

depth. Injection pipes are installed into soil at design locations to desired depths. After placing pipe to the desired depth, the grout- a rock less concrete, is forced through the pipes. Injection continues until a pre-determined refusal pressure is reached or uplift occurs at the surface. The injection pipes are then raised to a shallower depth and the process is repeated.

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Installation Process of Grid Pattern

The installation of grouting for large area treatments follows the

phase system as applied for Impact Compaction.

The effective radius of the grout hole varies with the type of soil

being treated.
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The neat cement grout is injected through a small nozzle at high pressure and mixes with the in-situ soil. This method produces the most homogeneous soilcement element with the highest strength and the least amount of grout spoil return.

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Clay Grouting

Injection of bitumen emulsion or slurries of clay or bentonite. Grouting with chemically treated bentonite clay can be used for impermeable cut offs in alluvial strata. Method is applicable by using bentonite clay in combination with Portland cement , soluble silicate and other agent in different proportion. Larger voids are filled with clay cement grout followed by clay- chemical grout with finer material.

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Chemical Consolidation

Chemical injection is applicable for sandy gravels and sand of finest grading. Chemical Used is sodium silicate in conjunction with other chemical which forms silica get. Pipes are driven into the ground about 0.5m apart & Calcium chloride is injected down followed by sodium silicate ,which is known as two shot method. Complete cut off of water can be obtained by repetition of injection.

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Freezing
Suitable method for all types of subsoils with a

moisture content in excess of 8% of the voids Insert freezing tubes into ground and circulate a freezing solution around the tubes to form ice in the voids Thus creating a wall of ice to act as impermeable barrier Circulating solution magnesium chloride/calcium chloride at -15 and -25 c Liquid Nitrogen is more suitable then chilled brine.
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Freezing

highly effective cutoff and ground support

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Vibro Floatation
Vibro flotation is a technique for in situ densification of thick layers of loose granular soil deposits. It was developed in Germany in the 1930s. Vibrators are inserted into loose granular soils & withdrawn by leaving a column of compacted soils.

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Vibro flotation-Procedures
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Stage1: The jet at the bottom of the Vibro float is turned on and lowered into the ground. Stage2: The water jet creates a quick condition in the soil. It allows the vibrating unit to sink into the ground

Stage 3: Granular material is poured from the top of the hole. The water from the lower jet is transferred to the jet at the top of the vibrating unit. This water carries the granular material down the hole
Stage 4: The vibrating unit is gradually raised in about 0.3-m lifts and held vibrating for about 30 seconds at each lift. This process compacts the soil to the desired unit weight. 39

Vibroflotation
Ground Type Relative Effectiveness

Sands
Silty Sands Silts Clays Mine Spoils Dumped Fill Garbage

Excellent
Marginal to Good Poor Not applicable Good (if granular) Depends upon nature of fill Not Applicable

Appropriate dewatering Methods

Effective Grain Size (D10) Example Dewatering Method

Larger than 0.1mm

Gravel, rock, boulders

Sumps, ordinary well points

Vacuum wells or well points Electro osmosis

0.1 004 mm

Sand

0.004 0.0017 mm

Silt, clay

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