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FLOW OF PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION FINANCING STRATEGIES SHORT-TERM CREDIT ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SHORT-TERM FINANCING SOURCES OF SHORT-TERM FINANCING FACTORS IN SELECTING SOURCE OF SHORT-TERM FUNDS
FLOW OF PRESENTATION
UNSECURED
FLOW OF PRESENTATION
SECURED
SOURCES OF SHORT-TERM
LOANS
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE FINANCING PLEDGING/ASSIGNMENT FACTORING INVENTORY FINANCING
BLANKET (FLOATING) INVENTORY LIEN TRUST RECEIPTS LOAN AND CHATTEL
INTRODUCTION
One of the most important decisions that must be made with respect to working capital management is how short-term credits will be used to finance working capital.
FINANCING STRATEGIES
Financing
strategies of the company usually depends on the financing needs of the company.
FINANCING STRATEGIES
Alternative Short-Term Financing Strategies/Policies
1. Aggressive Financing Strategy/Policy 2. Conservative Financing Strategy/Policy 3. Hedging (Self-Liquidating) Financing
Strategy/Policy
SHORT-TERM CREDIT
Also
called short-term/current liability, this is any debt scheduled to mature within one year or one operating period.
Credit Sources
Secured
Credit Sources
4.
The effective cost of credit. The availability of credit. The influence of the use of a particular credit source on the cost and availability of other sources of financing. Any additional covenants or restrictions.
include all those sources that have their security only the lenders faith in the ability of the borrower to repay the funds when due. They are obtained without pledging specific assets as collateral. Unsecured sources fall in two major categories:
1. Spontaneous Sources, and 2. Negotiated Sources.
SPONTANEOUS SOURCES
These
are short-term credits arising from the normal course of business. There are no interest costs attached to these sources. However, they may have some implicit costs. Two major sources:
1. Accounts Payable 2. Accruals
is a debt arising from credit purchases by a firm without issuing any formal note as an evidence of the firms liability to its supplier(s). It is considered as a primary source of spontaneous financing because it arises from ordinary business transaction.
Dating
trade credits, technically, is not discretionary financing strategy. The discretionary portion of trade credit financing lies on the period when the company pays its accounts payable. Payment decisions:
1. Taking the cash discount. 2. Payment at the last day of credit terms. 3. Stretching accounts payable.
EXPLICIT
COST: NONE
readily available; no need for negotiation, unless required by the supplier. Flexibility payment can be made anytime within the credit period and may be stretched depending on the negotiation with the supplier.
are company liabilities for services that have been provided for the company but are not yet paid. sources of accruals:
Common
trade credits, availing of accruals as financing source is technically nondiscretionary in nature. Also, only accruals controllable by the company may have discretionary characteristics in this source of financing.
Taxes are controlled by the government
(due dates are set, usually 10-15 days after close of each month.
most common source of accrual accounts financing is the unpaid salaries of employees. The company may have the discretion on the period of payment for the employees salary (e.g. monthly at the end of each month, monthly at ten days after close of each month, every half a month, etc.).
NEGOTIATED SOURCES
These
are short-term credits arising from the negotiation entered into by the borrowing firm and the potential creditors, usually banks and other corporations, evidenced by a formal note or some other documents.
are short-term business credit provided by commercial banks, requiring the borrower to sign a promissory note to acknowledge the amount of debt. of Short-Term, Unsecured Bank
Types
Loans:
1. Single-Payment Notes 2. Lines of Credit 3. Revolving Credit Agreements
SINGLE-PAYMENT NOTE
This
is a short-term, one-time loan made to a borrower who needs funds for a specific purpose for a short period. instrument: A Note stating the terms of the loan, including the maturity period of the loan and the interest rate, usually stated on a per annum basis.
Resulting
LINE OF CREDIT
This
is an informal agreement between a bank and a borrower-company specifying the maximum amount of unsecured short-term borrowing the bank will make available to the firm over a period of time, usually one (1) year and subject to one (1) year renewals.
LINE OF CREDIT
Some
Restrictions/Conditions:
restrictions that a bank may impose on a firms financial condition or operations as part of the agreement Compensating Balances a required account balance equal to a certain percentage of the amount borrowed from the bank under the same agreement.
LINE OF CREDIT
Some
Restrictions/Conditions:
certain number of days or months during the year, borrowers under a line of credit carry a zero-loan balance.
Interest
Rate on this type of agreement is usually stated as a floating rate the prime rate plus a premium.
is a formal, legal commitment by the bank to extend credit up to a stated maximum amount for a given period of time. to the features of this type of loan, the bank usually charges commitment fee on an amount unused by the borrower.
Due
COST: Effective Interest on the Loan, plus add-ons (Premium, Compensating Balances, etc.)
Discount
Interest:
= Interest Face Value - Interest
OR
Interest Rate SIMPLE = Interest Face Value - Compensating Balance
OR
Interest Rate DISCOUNT = Nominal Rate 1.0 - Nominal Rate - Compensating Balance (%)
COMMERCIAL PAPER
This is an unsecured short-term promissory note issued by large, strong credit rating companies to other companies and institutions, such as trust funds, banks and insurance companies. papers can be obtained through the money market (a type of financial market for trading of short-term securities).
Commercial
ADVANTAGES: Less costly than trade credit and bank loans. Not subject to possible restrictive covenants contained in most bank loans.
DISADVANTAGES: Commercial papers have fixed maturity rate, exposing it to liquidity risk (the risk of non-conversion of the security into cash at maturity). Commercial papers have limited access and user availability.
Computation:
Effective Rate DISCOUNT = Interest + Issue Costs Face Value - Interest - Issue Costs X No. of Days in a Year Days to Maturity of the Paper
are short-term loans that use some specific assets as collateral in securing the loan. typically used as collateral in secured short-term credits:
Assets
Receivables (Trade Receivables) are financial assets of a company arising from the sale of companys goods and services to customers. They represent a contractual right of the company to receive cash from the customer. The use of accounts receivable in obtaining loans are considered to be common to most enterprises because of its being attractive to most lenders due to its liquidity.
this form of accounts receivable financing, certain amount of accounts receivable are pledged or assigned as a collateral to a loan. The Pledging Process:
1. Selection and evaluation of accounts
receivables used as collateral; 2. Adjustment of receivable value for allowances, usually on a fixed percentage; 3. Determination of loan amount.
continues to collect from the customers the amount of the receivable and remits the same to the lender. In a notification basis, the borrower notifies the customers to remit their payment directly to the lender.
as collateral
Disadvantage
Relative higher cost compared with other
Computation:
Effective Cost = Interest + Processing Charge Face Value of the Loan
form of accounts receivable financing involves the outright sale of accounts receivable, usually at a discount, to a finance company known as a factor. The Factoring Process:
1. Selection and evaluation of accounts
receivables used as collateral; 2. Determination of loan amount, considering retention of certain amount for any allowances and returns.
of accounts receivable are usually done on a notification basis and are oftentimes made on a nonrecourse, thus substantial transfer of risks and returns of ownership to the receivable is made.
Computation:
Effective Cost Interest + Factor Fee/Commission Number of days in a year = Face Value of the Loan - Factor Fee/Commission X Credit Terms - Interest - Reserves/Retention Money
INVENTORY FINANCING
Inventories
are goods or items which are held for sale in the ordinary course of business, or those which are in the process of production for such sale, or those materials or supplies that are to be consumed in the production process or in the rendering of services. They also encompass those goods purchased and are held for resale by the company.
INVENTORY FINANCING
Because
of the marketability of inventories and their market value being usually higher than the book value, inventories are also desirable forms of collateral for loans. However, not all types of inventories may be used as collateral. The best inventory items to be pledged as collateral for loans are those that are highly marketable and generic in nature.
INVENTORY FINANCING
Forms
of Inventory Financing:
this form of inventory loan, the lender has a general claim over the inventory items held by the borrower, thus no specific item is assigned to the loan. The borrower, in this type of inventory loan, retains full control over the inventory.
the trust receipt loan and chattel mortgage, certain inventory items are specifically identified and are used as collateral for loan. Oftentimes, these inventory items are identified via serial numbers. The items used as collateral are still being held by the borrower.
the chattel mortgage, the sale of the inventory items may not be done unless consented by the lender. In the trust receipts loan, a trust receipt is generated and is being used in selling of the items. Thus, there is general permission on the sale of the inventory items by the borrower in trust of the lender, the proceeds from the sale of which should be remitted by the former to the latter.
is an arrangement whereby the lender receives full physical and legal control of the identified inventory collateral, which is stored under the care of a warehousing company serving as an agent of the lender. Two types of warehousing agreement:
Terminal Warehouse Receipt Loan Field Warehouse Receipt Loan
Computation:
Effective Cost = Interest + Warehousing Fee Net Proceeds of Loan X Number of days in a year Term of Loan
REFERENCES:
BOOKS: Cabrera, Ma. Elenita, FINANCIAL MAANGEMENT, PART I, 2012 Edition, Conanan Educational Supply, Manila E-BOOKS: Gitman, Lawrence J., PRINCIPLES OF MANAGERIAL FINANCE, 10th Edition Brigham, Eugene F. and Houston, Joel F., FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, 10th Edition Van Horne, James C., FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND POLICY, 12th Edition