EVAPORATION

HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTS AND
SINGLE EFFECT
EVAPORATORS
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
OBJECTIVES
CONCENTRATE SOLUTE
RECOVER SOLVENT
FORM CRYSTALS
MECHANISM
HEAT EXCHANGE WITH
PHASE CHANGE
BATCH OR CONTINUOUS
http://www.niroinc.com/html/evaporator/rising_film_evaporators.html
DESIGN FACTORS
SOLUTION FLUID VISCOSITY
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
PRESSURE DROPS
SOLUTE SOLUBILITY
SUPERSATURATED CONDITION
MATERIALS (BIO-MATERIALS)
MAY BE HEAT SENSITIVE
DEGRADATION TEMPERATURE
ELEVATED PRESSURE
BOILING POINT ELEVATION
http://www.aai-
csi.com/images/evaporator.
jpg
EVAPORATION DESIGN
FACTORS
HIGH TEMPERATURE
REACTIONS
FOAMING
SCALING AND
CORROSION
http://www.aquasant-
mt.com/Foam.159.0.html?&L=1
http://www.champ-
tech.com/images/products/p
ipe.jpg
OTHER DESIGN FACTORS
SPECIFIC HEAT
HEAT OF CONCENTRATION
FREEZING POINT VS. CONCENTRATION
GAS LIBERATION
TOXICITY
EXPLOSION HAZARDS
NEED FOR STERILITY
EVAPORATION COMPARED
WITH DISTILLATION
SOLUTE IN EVAPORATION IS
GENERALLY NON-VOLATILE, RELATIVE
TO SOLVENT
http://www.novasep.com/technologies/
img/evaporation-graph2.gif
http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/conten
t/4/chemistry/petroleum/knowl/images/
still.jpg
EVAPORATION EQUIPMENT
SUMMARIZED IN FIGURE 8.2-1
http://www.niroinc.com/html/evaporator/esys.html
EVAPORATION EQUIPMENT
FORCED CIRCULATION AND
RECOMPRESSION UNITS
http://www.niroinc.com/html/evaporator/esys.html
EVAPORATOR EQUIPMENT
PLATE & FRAME - CRYSTALLIZERS
http://www.niroinc.com/html/evaporator/esys.html
OSLO TYPE CRYSTALLIZERS
http://www.niroinc.com/html/evaporator/esys.html
OTHER CRYSTALLIZERS
http://www.niroinc.com/html/evaporator/esys.html
THIN FILM EVAPORATORS
USED FOR
VISCOUS
AND
THERMALLY
SENSITIVE
MEDIA
http://www.artisanind.com/do
cuments/pa_lecithin.pdf
INTEGRATED PLANT

http://www.niroinc.com/html/evaporator/flash-ppt/VMPfcopy1.html
EVAPORATOR
CONFIGURATION
SINGLE STAGE EVAPORATORS
HEAT TRANSFER
) 1 2 . 8 ( ) (
1
= T T UA q
s
MULTI-EFFECT EVAPORATORS
STEAM FROM ONE EFFECT IS THE HEAT SOURCE
FOR THE SECOND EFFECT
http://www.nukem.de/global/downloads/englisch/Evaporation.pdf
MULTI-EFFECT COUNTERFLOW
CONFIGURATION
FIGURE 8.2-3 FEED-FOREWARD
PRESSURE IS REDUCED IN EACH STAGE
FEED & STEAM ENTER THE SAME STAGE
IN THE TRAIN
FIGURE 8.2-4 FEED-BACKWARD
PRESSURE IS INCREASED IN EACH STAGE
FEED & STEAM ENTER FROM OPPOSITE
ENDS OF THE TRAIN
PARALLEL FEED
SOLAR EVAPORATION SYSTEM
http://www.rio5.com/proceedings/Solar/da_Silva_et_al_201-206.pdf
EVAPORATOR HEAT
TRANSFER
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTS SEE TABLE 8.3-1
NEED TO KNOW RANGE TO REVIEW
QUOTED DESIGNS
NOTE THAT PLATE & FRAME CAN HAVE
HIGHER COEFFICIENTS THAN SHELL &
TUBE.

CHANGE OF PHASE HEAT
TRANSFER
SECTION 4.8 FOR
SUMMARY OF
MECHANISMS
FIGURE 4.8-1
CONVECTION
NUCLEATE
TRANSITION
FILM
http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/jbsmse/v
27n1/25372f10.gif
HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTS
BASED ON T


NUCLEATE BOILING
CONFIGURATION EQUATION RANGE REFERENCE
HORIZONTAL
3 / 1
2
) ( 1043 K T
K m
W
h A =
|
.
|

\
|

q/A, kW/m
2
< 16 (4.8-1)
HORIZONTAL
3
2
) ( 56 . 5 K T
K m
W
h A =
|
.
|

\
|

16 < q/A, kW/m
2
< 240
(4.8-2)
VERTICAL
7 / 1
2
) ( 537 K T
K m
W
h A =
|
.
|

\
|

q/A, kW/m
2
< 3 (4.8-3)
VERTICAL
3
2
) ( 95 . 7 K T
K m
W
h A =
|
.
|

\
|

3 < q/A, kW/m
2
<
63
(4.8-4)
FORCED
CONVECTION IN
TUBES
1551
3
2
) ( 55 . 2
sys
P
e K T
K m
W
h A =
|
.
|

\
|

P
sys
= kPa (4.8-5)
FILM BOILING
HORIZONTAL
TUBE
4 / 1
3
2
4 . 0 ( ) (
62 . 0
(
(

A
A + A
=
|
.
|

\
|
T D
T c h g k
K m
W
h
v tube
Pv vap v l v v

(4.8-6)

OTHER CORRELATIONS
FOR EACH
CONFIGURATION
PERRYS PAGE 5-22
HANDBOOK
http://www.wlv.com/product
s/databook/ch5_3.pdf
CONVECTIVE BOILING
IN COILED TUBES
http://www.graham-
mfg.com/downloads/12.pdf
BASED ON SURFACE
http://www.energy.kth.se/in
dex.asp?pnr=10&ID=125&l
ang=0
SINGLE STAGE MODELS
MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES
STEAM
CONDENSATE
FEED SOLUTION
PRODUCT VAPOR
PRODUCT LIQUID
F, T
F
,x
F
,h
F
V,T
BP
,y
V
,H
V
L, T
BP
,x
L
,h
L
S,T
S
,H
S
C,T
C
,h
C
C S V L F = + =
MASS & ENERGY BALANCES
COMPONENT MASS BALANCE

SYSTEM HEAT BALANCE
VAPOR IN SOLUTE NO L x F x
L F
=
) 8 4 . 8 (
) 7 4 . 8 (
) 6 4 . 8 (
=
A = + = +
+ + = +

S q
H VH Lh S Fh
Sh VH Lh SH Fh
vap V L F
S V L S F
OTHER DESIGN FACTORS
LOWER EVAPORATION PRESSURE
WILL INCREASE EFFECTIVE T
LOWER EVAPORATOR AREA
INCREASED SOLVENT CONDENSER AREA
HIGHER VELOCITIES MIST ELIMINATION
BOILING POINT ELEVATION
REDUCES EFFECTIVE T WITH
INCREASING CONCENTRATION
BOILING POINT ELEVATION
DRINGS RULE
SOLUTION BOILING
POINT IS LINEARLY
RELATED TO PURE
WATER NBPt AT P
SYS
FIGURE 8.4-2
http://www.nzifst.org.nz/unito
perations/unopsassets/fig8-
3.gif
ENTHALPY-
CONCENTRATION
HEAT OF
MIXING
EFFECTS
NON-IDEAL
Dharmendira Kumar, M.; Ashok Kumar, P.; Rajendran, M., Salt Effect
on the Enthalpy of Mixing of 1,4-Dioxane + Acetic Acid at 303.15 K , J.
Chem. Eng. Data; (Article); 2003; 48(6); 1422-1424.