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Power d (time)
Residential Bill
Small service charge: for CP&L = $6.75 Energy Charge: about $0.095/kWh for energy used in the summer and $0.085/kWh for winter. Demand Charge: does not apply since household is small user Taxes, Rebates: varies with user
Demand Intervals
1200 1000
Power, kW
4:00 AM
8:00 AM
12:00 PM
4:00 PM
8:00 PM
hour of day
Billing Demand
The demand interval is usually 15, 30, or 60 minutes (see rate schedule). The maximum value of the power for all intervals in a month is the peak demand. Billing demand = peak demand, unless it is well below historical peaks or contract demand.
Power, kW
4:00 AM
8:00 AM
12:00 PM
4:00 PM
8:00 PM
hour of day
Notes:
TOU bill is more in this case. What is usage factor (is this a 1, 2, or 3 shift plant?) Usage Factor = kWh / kW demand = 350,000 kWh/ 1,000 kW = 350 hrs/month = 16 hrs/day Plant probably operates two full shifts, maybe three shifts with lower production at night.
Notes:
Time of use benefits companies that work seven days per week and manufacture at night. Costs can be reduced by scheduling operations around peak periods load shifting. Costs can be reduced by utilizing thermal storage for HVAC system and operating equipment during off-peak periods.
Duke Rate I
Double tiered schedule based on ratio of kWh/kW demand, then sub-tiered based on energy usage within kWh/kW tier. These rates are difficult to compute, but generally reward companies that operate more hours and have flatter power profiles.
Average Errors
Example 1: Turn lights off at night. For a time of use rate, what is proper energy charge if lights are turned off at 11 pm and back on at 6 am? How about demand? Example 2: Adding a new air conditioner to handle peak cooling. When does unit operate and what is energy cost? How about demand?
Power Factor
Some utilities will charge for power factor. Power factor is the phenomenon of peak current draw being out of phase with peak voltage draw. This causes the power company to have to supply more power than is registered on the meter. Major causes electric motors that draw current for magnetizing the windings (inductive loads)
Power Factor
Solution: install capacitors to offset inductive loads Check to see if youre charged for power factor first, most NC companies arent!
Other Charges
Fuel Riders let power company adjust for highly varying prices for their fuel Facilities Charges extra equipment installed onsite, like a larger transformer or power fed from two separate lines for redundancy.
Deregulation
Over the past 15 years, some state have deregulated electrical power. This means that billing for the three basic components are separate and users may choose their own suppliers:
Deregulation
Virginia has partially deregulated its markets and will fully deregulate in 2010. NC has no plans to deregulate anytime soon Experience has shown that most people see an increase in costs with deregulation because companies must compete with high cost of electricity to places like California.
Conclusions
Most power companies bill energy and demand. It is important to know your rate, on-peak hours and all costs. Use proper energy and demand rates for computing energy costs and savings.