EXPERIMENTAL

PSYCHOLOGY
Module 1
Lesson 5
HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis
Thesis, or main idea of an experiment
It is a statement about a predicted
relationship between at least two
variables
Nonexperimental hypothesis
Statement of your predictions of how
events, traits or behaviors might be
related- not a statement about cause and
effect.
Experimental Hypothesis
Tentative explanation of an event or
behavior. It is a statement that predicts
the effects of specified antecedent
conditions on a measured behavior.
Characteristics of an Experimental
Hypothesis
Synthetic statements- those that can
either be true or false
Analytic statement- one that is always true
Contradictory statements- statements with
elements that oppose each other
Characteristics of an Experimental
Hypothesis
Testable statements- the means for
manipulating antecedent conditions and
measuring the resulting behavior must
exist
Falsifiable statements- disapprovable by
research findings
Characteristics of an Experimental
Hypothesis
Fruitful- leads to new studies
Parsimonious statements- simple
explanation

Process of Formulating Hypothesis
Inductive Model

Deductive Model

Combination of Inductive and Deductive
Model
Finding for a Hypothesis
Building on prior research
Serendipity and the windfall hypothesis
Intuition
when all else fails
To establish whether the obtained sample
difference is statistically significant- the
result of a real population difference and
not just sampling error- it is customary to
set up a level of significance, denoted by
the Greek letter o (alpha).
Alpha value is the level of probability at
which the null hypothesis can be rejected
with confidence and the research
hypothesis can be accepted with
confidence. P < .05
To be statistically significant, the obtained
value must exceed or be less than the
critical value depending on the test used.
Levels of Significance
DECISION
Retain Null Reject Null
R
E Null is
A True
L
I
T Null is
Y False


Type I and II Errors


CORRECT
DECISION


Type I Error
p(Type I Error) = o


Type II Error
p(Type II Error)=|


CORRECT
DECISION
P is the exact probability that the null
hypothesis is true in light of the sample data.
The alpha value is the threshold below which
is considered so small that we decide to
reject the null hypothesis.
Decision to reject the null hypothesis is made
if the P value is less than the alpha value and
otherwise retain it. NOTE: FOR A Z TEST
HOWEVER, for a t test, the computed t must
be greater than or equal to the value of the
alpha level set.
What is the difference between p and o?
STEPS in
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
SAMPLE ACTIVITY:
The One-Way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA)
Chapter 13 - 15
PROBLEM1 Sincerity Scale by Year Level
Using the following data set, conduct a one-way ANOVA
among students of DLSU-D, at o 0.01 determine the
significant difference of the independent variable.
Provide the summary table. Give a post hoc (?) if
significant. Apply the steps in Hypothesis Testing.
=
total
X
=

2
total
X
= N = total X
1
st
year 2
nd
year 3
rd
year 4
th
year
20 19 10 11
19 18 11 11
17 18 15 10
15 15 11 10
15 16 15 12
16 16 14 11
17 10 10 13
3
X
2
2
X
2
X
2
1
X
2
3
X 1
X
2
4
X 4
X
119
1
=

X =

2
1
X =

2
2
X =

2
3
X 112
2
=

X 86
3
=

X
=
1
X
7
1
= n
7
2
= n 7
3
= n
=
2
X =
3
X
78
4
=

X =

2
4
X
=
4
X
7
4
= n
Chapter 13 - 16
Source Sum of df Mean F
Squares Squares
Between

Within

Total
*f
crit
at 0.05 -- ?Not Significant/ Significant
**f
crit
at 0.01 -- ?Not Significant/ Significant
Compute your f-ratio, then, provide the
Summary Table of F-ratio
Chapter 13 - 17
? ) (
wn
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
n
MS
q HSD
k
Post Hoc (When to use?)
?
?
?
?
?
?
4 3
4 2
3 2
4 1
3 1
2 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
Chapter 11 - 18
Perform the Steps in Hypothesis Testing:
Step 1: Formulate your H
0
: and H
a
:
Step 2: Identify your
at o 0.01 the
Step 3: Compute the F-test
Step 4: Decision:
Accept Ho; or Reject Ho then Accept
Ha
Step 5: Conclusion: Therefore, _____
?
crit
= f
PROBLEM1 Sincerity Scale by Year Level
ANSWERS
Chapter 13 - 20
Source Sum of df Mean F
Squares Squares
Between 168.39 3 56.13 11.79

Within 114.29 24 4.76

Total 282.68 27
*f
crit
at 0.05 -- 3.01 Significant
**f
crit
at 0.01 -- 4.72 Significant
ANSWER
Summary Table of F-ratio
Chapter 13 - 21
68 . 282
28
395
5855
) (
2 2
tot
2
tot tot
= =
|
|
.
|

\
| E
E =
N
X
X SS
39 . 168
28
395
7
78
7
86
7
112
7
119
) (
column the in scores of
) column the in scores of sum (
2 2 2 2 2
2
tot
2
bn
= + + + =
|
|
.
|

\
| E

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

N
X
n
SS
29 . 114 39 . 168 68 . 282
bn tot wn
= = = SS SS SS
SUMS of Squares
Chapter 13 - 22
Degrees of Freedom
df
bn
= k - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3 Numerator
df
wn
= N - k = 28 - 4 = 24 Denominator
df
tot
= N - 1 = 28 - 1 = 27
Chapter 13 - 23
13 . 56
3
39 . 168
bn
bn
bn
= = =
df
SS
MS
76 . 4
24
29 . 114
wn
wn
wn
= = =
df
SS
MS
79 . 11
76 . 4
13 . 56
wn
bn
obt
= = =
MS
MS
F
Mean of Squares and F
obt
Chapter 13 - 24
degrees of freedom (df= 3 and 24)
F
crit
(4.72) at o0.01.
Since F
obt
= 11.79, the ANOVA is
significant
SIGNIFICANCE then, use Tukey.
Chapter 13 - 25
05 . 4
7
76 . 4
91 . 4 ) (
wn
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
n
MS
q HSD
k
Post Hoc
15 . 1
86 . 4
71 . 3
86 . 5
71 . 4
0 . 1
4 3
4 2
3 2
4 1
3 1
2 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
Chapter 11 - 26
Perform the Steps in Hypothesis Testing:
Step 1: Formulate your H
0
: and H
a
:
Step 2: Identify your
df
b
= 3, df
w
= 24, df
tot
= 27
at o 0.01 the
Step 3: Compute the f-ratio
Step 4: Decision:
Reject Ho, then Accept Ha
Step 5: Conclusion:
Therefore, there is A SIGNIFICANT
difference
72 . 4
crit
= f
PROBLEM1 Sincerity Scale by Year Level
79 . 11
obt
= f
EXPERIMENTAL
PSYCHOLOGY
QUIZ # 3
Multiple choice: Write the letter of
the correct answer. (2pts each)
1. A good experimental title for a report
should _____.
a. provide summary of essential results
b. give an idea of what the report is about
c. state the major experimental hypothesis
d. include the names of the author
e. all of the above

2. Our manuscript for this subject should
follow the format given by ___.
a. APA Publication Manual
b. Manual of the Psychonomic society
c. Science Foundation Manual
d. Style Guide for Psychological Reports
e. DSM V

3. Which of the following is not a major
section of the research report?
a. introduction
b. method
c. prologue
d. results
e. discussion
4. A good and standard length for an
abstract in a journal would be about ___.
a. 50 to 75 words
b. 100-120words
c. 200-300 words
d. 150-200 words
5. The purpose of the Discussion section is
to ____.
a. explain non-significant findings
b. evaluate and interpret the results
c. summarize the study
d. justify continued experimentation
e. review all prior research in the area

B. Indicate what section of the manuscript
where the following could be found.
(2 pts each)
1. A tentative assumption of the study.
2. F(1,2) = 6.26, p< .01
3. summary of the study
4. review of related literature
5. table of data and figures
6. Includes subsections such as participants,
apparatus and procedure
7. list of books used for the review of related
literature
8. generalization and conclusions of the study.
9. narrative description of data
10. recommendations of the study.
C. APPLICATION (2 pts. Each)
A researcher reported that
t (?) 6.875, = .05; n=49;
with tabulated value of 3.14.
(Decisiveness and Mental Ability)
1. Was the null hypothesis rejected?
2. How many percent are you confident
that the obtained value did not occur by
chance alone?
3. What was the degree of freedom?
4. Was there significant difference between
the groups being compared? Explain Why.

ANSWERS
1. B
2. A/D
3. C
4. B
5. B
1. Hypothesis
(Introduction)
2. Result
3. Abstract or Discussion
4. Introduction
5. Result
6. Methods
7. References
8. Discussion
9. Method
10. Discussion

1. Yes
Ho: There is no significant difference on
the level of decisiveness among
participants with varying mental ability.
2. 95 % of confidence
3. df=48 (n-1)
4. Yes, since the t
obt
(6.875) is > t
crit

(3.14) at = .05. This implies that
there is a significant difference
between the two groups being
studied.