Friction

Ms Mikaela Fudolig
Physics 71
Friction
Friction is a force exerted by the surface
on an object
PARALLEL to the surface
PERPENDICULAR to the normal force
DISSIPATING force
STATIC and KINETIC friction
Static Friction,
Balances the force you apply on an object
object REMAINS AT REST (v=0)
magnitude:
s
f
,max
0
s s
f f s s
,max s s
f N =
normal
force
coefficient of
static friction
Exercise 1a
rough
surface
no
applied
force
?
s
f =
v=0
Exercise 1b
rough
surface
?
s
f =
F
v=0
s
f

( ) 0
net s
F F f i = =
Exercise 1c
rough
surface
?
s
f =
F
v=0, box just
about to slide
s
f

( ) 0
net s
F F f i = =
Exercise 1c
rough
surface
?
s
f =
F
v=0, box just
about to slide
s
f
s s
f N =
Kinetic Friction,
acts OPPOSITE the direction of MOTION
of an object
v=0
k
f
k k
f N =
normal
force
coefficient of
kinetic friction
k s
<
Kinetic Friction,
k
f
k s
<
Kinetic Friction
Draw free-body diagram.
Identify the direction of motion.
Identify the direction of f
k
.
Apply Newtons 2
nd
Law.
Exercise 2a
You want to move a 1-N object across a
flat surface with
s
=0.5 and
k
=0.2. What
force should you exert on the object for the
object to start moving?
Exercise 2b
The 1-N object is now moving, and you
want to keep it moving at constant
velocity. What is the magnitude of the
force that you must exert on the object?

s
=0.5 and
k
=0.2.
Exercise 2c
An object weighing 1N is at rest on a flat
surface with
s
=0.6 and
k
=0.4. If you
exert on the object a horizontal force of
0.4N, will the object move?
Exercise 2d
An object is at rest on a flat surface. You
exert on the object a force in the +x
direction. Can friction be strong enough to
move the object in the x direction?
Example 1
A box of mass m is initially at rest on a
ramp inclined at an angle u above the
horizontal. The angle u is gradually
increased until it has reached a critical
value u
C
. At this angle, the box is about to
slide. What is
s
?
Exercise 2e
An object is on a flat surface, moving to
the left. In what direction does friction act?
Is the friction static or kinetic?
An object is on a flat surface, moving to
the right. In what direction does friction
act? Is the friction static or kinetic?
Exercise 3
A box is going down a ramp inclined at 30
above the horizontal. Its speed increases
by 10m/s after 10s. What is the coefficient
of kinetic friction?
Exercise 4: A girl pulling a box
u
Exercise 4: A girl pulling a box
The boxs mass is 20kg. If
k
=0.4 and
u=30, what should the tension in the
string be if the box is to move at constant
velocity?
Conceptual Exercise 5
In what direction should the girl pull the
box to decrease the magnitude of the
frictional force (hence, possibly increase
the boxs acceleration)?
Example 2
Given:
s
,
k

Find the mass m
2
for
which mass m
1

moves up the plane
with constant velocity.
Exercise 6
If the masses are
moving at constant
velocity, what is the
tension in the string?
Exercise 7
Given:
s
,
k

Find the mass m
2
for
which mass m
1

moves down the
plane with constant
velocity.
Exercise 8
Given:
s
,
k

Find the mass m
2
for
which mass m
1
is just
about to move.
Fluid Resistance
aka drag force
friction in gases and liquids
caused by motion of fluid
Fluid Resistance: Direction
OPPOSITE the direction of the velocity of
the moving body (relative to the fluid)
Conceptual Exercise 8
In what direction is the force exerted by
the fluid on the ball if:

v
drag
F
v
drag
F
v
drag
F
Fluid Resistance: Magnitude
| Speed of object
|Fluid resistance
f kv =
2
f Dv =
Low speed High speed
Exercise 9
Draw the free-body diagram of a rock
(dropped from a height h) falling in air.
Include air resistance.
mg
f
Exercise 9
Draw the free-body diagram of a rock
(dropped from a height h) falling in air.
Include air resistance.
At t=0, what is the acceleration of the
rock? What happens to the acceleration at
t=5?
mg
f
Acceleration in the presence of Fluid
Resistance
NOT constant!
Terminal Speed
Eventually, the moving body will stop
accelerating and reach its terminal speed.
Set a=0:
t
mg
v
k
=
Terminal speed
for objects
moving at low
speeds
Terminal Speed
Eventually, the moving body will stop
accelerating and reach its terminal speed.
Set a=0:
t
mg
v
D
=
Terminal speed
for objects
moving at high
speeds
Conceptual Exercise 10
A bowling ball and a styrofoam ball of the
same size are dropped from the same
height. Which reaches the ground faster
(in the presence of air resistance)?
Conceptual Exercise 11
What happens to the range of the
projectile when there is air resistance?
What happens to the maximum height of a
projectile if there is air resistance?
Summary
At rest/constant velocity a=0, F=0
accelerating a=0, F = 0
|a| and |v| are equal for connected
bodies
tension in a massless and taut string is
the same everywhere on the string
Summary
Friction opposite the direction of
motion
Static friction at rest/about to move
Kinetic friction moving (constant
velocity/accelerating)
Summary
Fluid resistance:
direction: OPPOSITE the direction of the
velocity of object
magnitude: increases with objects speed
terminal velocity
mass, m
drag coefficient (D, k)