Chapter 3.

 Describe the evidence for the existence of electrons,

protons, and neutrons, and describe the properties of these subatomic particles.
Define atom: smallest particle of an element

that retains the chemical properties of that element.

Subatomic particles:
Protons Neutrons Electrons

 Late 1800s J.J. Thomson discovered the

electron through experiments with cathode-ray tubes.

Plum Pudding Model of atom

Electron Properties
Relative Charge

Mass Number

actual mass

-1

9.109 x 10-31 kg

 In 1911 Ernest Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment

Showed that there was a small dense positively charged

nucleus of an atom.

Proton Properties
Relative Charge

Mass Number

actual mass

+1

1.673 x 10-27 kg

 Discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick

British Scientist

Neutron Properties
Relative Charge

Mass Number

actual mass

1.675 x 10-27 kg

Nuclear Forces Short range proton-neutron, proton-proton, and neutron-neutron forces that hold the nuclear particles together

Sizes of Atoms Nucleus compared to rest of atom - approximately size of marble compared to a large football stadium. Atom is mostly empty space

 Discuss atoms of different elements in terms of their

numbers of electrons, protons, and neutrons, and define the terms atomic number and mass number
Atomic Number (Symbol Z)
Number of protons in nucleus of atom Determines the identity of the atom!!!!! C - 6 He - ___ F - ___ Pb - ___
Use periodic table to find these!

Since atoms are neutral, atomic number is also number of

electrons

So C also has 6 electrons He - ____ electrons

 Define isotope, and determine the

number of particles in the nucleus of an atom.

All Hydrogen atoms contain 1 proton

Many naturally occurring elements can contain

different numbers of neutrons. Isotope at0ms of the same element that have different masses.
n n n

Protium
99.985 %

Deuterium 0.015 %

Tritium
Trace

Three isotopes of Hydrogen

 Mass number total number of protons and

neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope Symbol A

Protium has 1 proton and 0 neutrons Mass number = #p + #n = 1 + 0 = 1

What is the mass number deuterium and

tritium?
Find on periodic table

1.

How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are present in an atom of copper whose atomic number is 29 and whose mass number is 64? How many protons and electrons are in an atom of sodium whose atomic number is 11? An atom has 13 protons and 14 neutrons. What is its mass number? Calculate the mass number for an atom that has 45 neutrons and 35 electrons.

2.

3.

4.

 Hyphen Notation
Name of atom mass number Uranium - 235

Nuclear symbol A X A : mass number, Z : atomic number, X : symbol of element

Z

92U

235

Number of

protons 92

Neutrons 143

Electrons 92

Nuclide general term for any isotope of

any element

1.

Calculate the numbers of protons, electrons, and neutrons in oxygen 17 and in oxygen 18.

2.

Chlorine has two stable isotopes, chlorine 35 and chlorine 37. The atomic number of chlorine is 17. Calculate the numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons each isotope has. Calculate the numbers of protons, electrons, and neutrons for each of the following isotopes of 42 44 calcium : 20 Ca and 20 Ca

3.