HYDRO POWER PLANT

HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Principal of hydro power plant

The objective of a hydropower scheme is to

convert the potential energy of a mass of water, flowing in a stream with a certain fall to the turbine (termed the "head"), into electrical energy at the lower end of the scheme, where the powerhouse is located. The power output from the scheme is proportional to the flow and to the head.

SIMPLE OVER VIEW

PENSTOCK RESEVOIR

POWER HOUSE

DAM
INTAKE

TURBINE

GENERATOR

POWER LINE

TRANSFORMER

ELEMENTS OF HYDRO POWER

FIRST ELEMENT :-

DAMS

The movement of water can be used to make electricity. Energy from water is created by the force of water moving from a higher elevation to a lower elevation through a large pipe (penstock). When the water

reaches the end of the pipe, it hits and spins a water wheel or turbine.
The turbine rotates the connected shaft, which then turns the generator, making electricity.

2nd ELEMENT:-

INTAKE

INTAKE:A water intake must be able to divert the required amount of water in to a power canal or into a penstock without producing a negative impact on the local environment.

3rd ELEMENT:PENSTOCK

PENSTOCK
conveying water from the intake to the
power house. Of concrete in low heads Of steel is suitable for all heads

TRASH RACK
cleaning machine, which removes debris from water In order to save water ways and electromechanical

equipment from any damage. Set steel bars on edge to the flow of water and space about 1 apart A head gate or valve should be installed below the trash rack to control flow and to allow the turbine to be inspected and repaired.

TRASH RACK

4th ELEMENT TURBINES

 its function is to convert the K.E of moving water

into mechanical energy

The water strikes and turns the large blades of a

turbine, which is attached to a generator above it by way of a shaft.

WICKETS GATE
turbines that control the flow of water from the input pipes (Penstock) to the turbine propellers/blades.

key component in hydroelectric

5TH ELEMENT GENERATOR

BASIC PRINCIPAL
Heart of the hydroelectric .
The basic process is to rotate a series of gaint magnets
inside coils of wire. This process moves electrons, which produces electrical current.

INSIDE THE GENERATOR: 1. Shaft

2. Excitor 3. Rotor

4. Stator

Principle
As the turbine turns, the excitor sends an electrical

current to the rotor. The rotor is a series of large electromagnets that spins inside a tightly-wound coil of copper wire, called the stator. The magnetic field between the coil and themagnets creates an electric current.

6TH ELEMENT:-

TRANSFORMERS

transformer
Its function is to step up the voltage and
pass it out to the electrical grid or power house

7TH ELEMENT OUTFLOW / TAILRACE:After passing through the turbine the water returns to the river trough a short canal called a tailrace.

8TH ELEMENT POWER HOUSE:-

A PRESENTATION ON THERMAL POWER PLANT

CONTENTS
Introductory overview

Efficiency
Electricity cost Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal power station Boiler and steam cycle Transport of coal fuel to site and to storage

Major Thermal Power Plants in India

Advantages &Disadvantages

Introductory overview
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electricity.

Efficiency
The energy efficiency of a conventional thermal power station,
considered as salable energy as a percent of the heating value of the fuel consumed, is typically 33% to 48%. This efficiency is limited as all heat engines are governed by the laws of thermodynamics. The rest of the energy must leave the plant in the form of heat. This waste heat can go through a condenser and be disposed of with cooling water or in cooling towers. If the waste heat is instead utilized for district heating, it is called co-generation. An important class of thermal power station are associated with desalination facilities; these are typically found in desert countries with large supplies of natural gas and in these plants, freshwater production and electricity are equally important co-products.

Electricity cost
The direct cost of electric energy produced by a thermal
power station is the result of cost of fuel, capital cost for the plant, operator labour, maintenance, and such factors as ash handling and disposal. Indirect, social or environmental costs such as the economic value of environmental impacts, or environmental and health effects of the complete fuel cycle and plant decommissioning, are not usually assigned to generation costs for thermal stations in utility practice, but may form part of an environmental impact assessment.

Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal power station

Boiler and steam cycle

In fossil-fueled power plants, steam generator

refers to a furnace that burns the fossil fuel to boil water to generate steam. In some industrial settings, there can also be steam-producing heat exchangers called heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) which utilize heat from some industrial process. The steam generating boiler has to produce steam at the high purity, pressure and temperature required for the steam turbine that drives the electrical generator.

Steam turbine generator

The turbine generator consists

of a series of steam turbines interconnected to each other and a generator on a common shaft. There is a high pressure turbine at one end, followed by an intermediate pressure turbine, two low pressure turbines, and the generator. As steam moves through the system and loses pressure and thermal energy it expands in volume, requiring increasing diameter and longer blades at each succeeding stage to extract the remaining energy. The entire rotating mass may be over 200 metric tons and 100 feet (30 m) long.

Stack gas path and cleanup

As the combustion flue gas exits the boiler it is routed
through a rotating flat basket of metal mesh which picks up heat and returns it to incoming fresh air as the basket rotates, This is called the air preheater. The gas exiting the boiler is laden with fly ash, which are tiny spherical ash particles. The flue gas contains nitrogen along with combustion products carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. The fly ash is removed by fabric bag filters or electrostatic precipitators. Once removed, the fly ash byproduct can sometimes be used in the manufacturing of concrete. Fly ash collection Fly ash is captured and removed from the flue gas by electrostatic precipitators or fabric bag filters (or sometimes both) located at the outlet of the furnace and before the induced draft fan.

Transport of coal fuel to site and to storage

Most thermal stations use
coal as the main fuel. Raw coal is transported from coal mines to a power station site by trucks, barges, bulk cargo ships or railway cars. Generally, when shipped by railways, the coal cars are sent as a full train of cars.

Major Thermal Power Plants in India

Super thermal power plants in India are the solutions the

government of India found to overcome the power deficit faced by the country during a period. Maharastra stands first in production of thermal power in India and NTPC leads in the thermal power generating sector with total capacity of 24,395 MW. Maharastra has plenty of coal mines encouraging the inception of coal operated thermal power plants. The entire super thermal power plants in India are coal run. Gujarat with many prominent power plants stands second in the power production sector of India.

Advantages
The fuel used is quite cheap. Less initial cost as compared to other generating plants. It can be installed at any place irespective of the
existence of coal. The coal can be transported to the site of the plant by rail or road. It require less space as compared to Hydro power plants. Cost of generation is less than that of diesel power plants.

Disadvantages

It pollutes the atmosphere due to production of

large amount of smoke and fumes. It is costlier in running cost as compared to Hydro electric plants.