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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs, and the Garage that Grew Apples
Wozniak developed the first prototype. Turned down by HP, he turned to The Homebrew Computer Club and met Steve Jobs. Wozniak and Jobs formed a company that marketed the Apple I from Jobss garage.
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 What Computers Do Basic Functions of a Computer
Receive input: Accept information from the outside world
Process information: Perform arithmetic or logical (decisionmaking) operations on information Produce output: Communicate information to the outside world Store information: Store and retrieve information from memory and storage devices
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 What Computers Do Basic Components of a Computer Input devices Keyboards and pointing devices (mouse) Output devices Display or video monitor Printer Speakers CPU (Central Processing Unit) Brain of the computer
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 A Bit About Bits Information Communication that has value because it informs Anything that can be communicated, whether it has value or not Information comes in many forms Words, numbers, pictures Sound, movies In computer terminology the terms data and information are more or less interchangeable.
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 A Bit About Bits Bit Basics Bit, or binary digit The smallest unit of information Can have one of two values: 1 or 0 Can represent numbers, codes, or instructions Byte: a collection of eight bits
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Tomorrow's Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 A Bit About Bits Using two symbols all numbers can be represented on a calculator as well as performing arithmetic.
A calculator translates the touch on the numeric keypad into series of 0s and 1s. Each number then is looked at as a component of its positional values (each a power of two).
00010011 = (128*0+64*0+32*0+6*1+8*0+4*0+2*1+1*1) = 19
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 A Bit About Bits Building with Bits Bits As Numbers Binary denotes all numbers with a combination of 0s and 1s. Decimal numbers are automatically converted into binary numbers and vice versa. Binary number processing is completely hidden from the user.
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 A Bit About Bits Building with Bits (cont.) Bits as Codes ASCII The most widely used code An abbreviation of American Standard Code for Information Interchange Unicode Uses 4 bytes, or 32 bits, to encode a character
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 A Bit About Bits Building with Bits (cont.) Bits as Instructions in Programs Programs are stored as collections of bits. Program instructions can tell a computer what to do, where to locate information, or where to store a result.
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Green Computing
The manufacture of hardware and software can have an impact on the environment. Buy green equipment (Energy Star) Use a Notebook and a solar battery Use energy-saving features Turn off the computer when youre away Screen savers dont save energy Print only once Recycle waste products (paper, ink cartridges, etc.) Donate your equipment
Chapter 2
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 The Computers Core: The CPU and Memory
The CPU: The Real Computer CPU (microprocessor) Interprets and executes the instructions in each program Supervises arithmetic and logical data manipulations
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 The Computers Core: The CPU and Memory
The CPU: The Real Computer (cont.) CPU (microprocessor) (cont.) Communicates with all the other parts of the computer system indirectly through memory An extraordinarily complex collection of electronic circuits Housed along with other chips and electronic components on the motherboard
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 The Computers Core: The CPU and Memory The CPU: the real computer (cont.) Compatibility All software is not necessarily compatible with every CPU.
CPUs in the same family are generally designed to be backward compatible. Newer versions of a processor can process all of the instructions handled by earlier models.
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 The Computers Core: The CPU and Memory
The CPU: the real computer (cont.) Performance Overall performance determined by: Its microprocessors internal clock speed Measured in units called gigahertz (GHz) for billions of clock cycles per second The architecture and word size of the processor High-end workstations and servers use 64-bit processors. Most PCs and Macintoshes use 32-bit processors. Some embedded and special-purpose computers still use 8- and 16-bit processors.
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 The Computers Core: The CPU and Memory
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 The Computers Core: The CPU and Memory
The computers memory RAM (Random access memory) Most common type of primary storage Used to store program instructions and data temporarily Unique addresses and data can be stored in any location Can quickly retrieve information Will not remain if power goes off (volatile)
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 The Computers Core: The CPU and Memory The computers memory (cont.)
ROM (read-only memory) Information stored permanently on a chip Contains start-up instructions and other permanent data
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 The Computers Core: The CPU and Memory
Buses, ports, and peripherals Information travels between components on the motherboard through groups of wires called system buses, or just buses. Comparable to roads
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 The Computers Core: The CPU and Memory
Buses, ports, and peripherals (cont.) Buses Typically have 32 or 64 wires Connect to storage devices in bays Connect to expansion slots Connect to external buses and ports Slots and ports Make it easy to add external devices, called peripherals
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 The Computers Core: The CPU and Memory
Buses, ports, and peripherals (cont.) USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports Keyboards, mice, printers, etc. Video ports One or more monitors Firewire ports Video cameras, external hard drives, etc. Express or PC cards Memory or additional ports for portable computers Hot swappable
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The only thing that has consistently grown faster than hardware in the last 40 years is human expectation. Bjarne Stroustrup, AT&T Bell Labs, designer of the C++ programming language
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Computers manipulate patterns of bits, binary digits, of information. The CPU follows software instructions, reduced to strings of bits, to perform the calculations and logical manipulations that transform input data into output. Not all CPUs are compatible with each other.
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Tomorrows Technology and You 9/e Chapter 2 Lesson Summary (cont.) The CPU uses: RAM (Random Access Memory) as a temporary storage areaa scratch padfor instructions and data ROM (read-only memory), which contains unchangeable information that serves as reference material for the CPU as it executes program instructions The CPU and main memory are housed in silicon chips on the motherboard.
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