LINCOLNSHIRE FIRE & RESCUE

BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES 1 Building Types and Components

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AIM
To provide students with a basic understanding of building design and the principal components.

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the session students will be able to:

State the commonly used construction materials and types. Identify types of doors and windows commonly used. List the principal components of a staircase. List the types of roof commonly found.
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COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS

Brick Block Stone Concrete

Timber
Metal

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BUILDING BOARDS

Fibre
Plaster Asbestos Plywood Block

Plastic

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TYPES OF BUILDINGS

Solid or traditional construction Structural steel frame construction

Reinforced concrete construction

Modular system construction

Portal frame construction

Composite construction.

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SOLID CONSTRUCTION

Solid load bearing walls Set back at upper floors Commonly made of brick, concrete blocks or stone Cast iron columns

Cast iron or timber beams

Warehouses, mills, factories and offices.
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BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

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STRUCTURAL STEEL

High number of design options Skeletal framework often complex Loads carried by beams Structure is covered by cladding Large use of glass, polycarbonate and plastic Large shopping centres, sports centres and multi-storey offices.
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STRUCTURAL STEEL
Roof spans between main beams Main beams Tie Beam

Secondary beam

Stanchions

Floor spans between main beams

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REINFORCED CONCRETE

Alternative to steel frame

Columns support beams on which are laid slab flooring sections Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast to form a monolithic structure Two common methods of construction.

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REINFORCED CONCRETE(1)
Pre cast reinforced concrete frame

Factory produced frame components

Transported for assembly on site

Similar techniques to steel frame.

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REINFORCED CONCRETE(2)
Composite construction

Utilises the advantages of modern lightweight structural steelwork Marriage between steelwork & pre cast concrete columns.

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COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Concrete Spine beam

Gable columns
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Steel Spine beam.

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MODULAR STRUCTURES

Pre fabricated components High design flexibility

Specially designed connectors

Encased in concrete to provide a degree of fire and corrosion protection.

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MODULAR BUILDING

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TYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTOR

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HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK FLOORING

R.C. edge beam Concrete ribs Hollow clay floor blocks Concrete topping

Ceiling Voids finish Reinforcement Rib reinforcement

Filler tiles
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HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK

Floor finish

Cement/sand screed

Void Internal support Typical hollow floor unit details Cement/sand Floor finish Grouted joints screed

Typical channel section floor unit details

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PRE CAST CONCRETE SLAB

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DOORS, WINDOWS AND ROOFLIGHTS

TYPES OF DOOR

Hinged Swing

Revolving
Sliding Folding Cantilever Roller shutter
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HINGED DOORS

Most commonly found type All close against a rebate on the door jamb Four commonly found types Flush Panelled Ledged Metal
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SWING DOORS

Pin hinges allow door to swing in any direction Door jamb not fitted with a rebate

Often partially glazed using wired glass or copper glazing bars Found in restaurants, department stores and hotels.
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REVOLVING DOORS

Present an obstruction to firefighting operations unless dealt with Usually 4 or 2 wings Designed to be collapsed down Essential they are used in conjunction with a hinged door.
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SLIDING DOORS

Solid or lattice construction Widely used in commercial buildings Can slide on one or both sides of an opening or into a central recess Lattice type usually for security or to protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.
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FOLDING DOORS

Usually lightweight construction Similar in design to hinged doors Two or more leaves hinged together Whole door opens to one side only Often used to separate two rooms.

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CANTILEVER DOORS

Door is counter balanced and pivoted so it rises upwards Lies horizontal when open Generally fits flush to the opening when closed Usually found on garages.
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ROLLER SHUTTERS

Nearly always made of steel

Small examples can be raised by hand

Large examples usually operated by means of gearing and handle or chain and block

Usually found on commercial premises.

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FIRE DOORS
A standard fire door will:

Serve to contain the outbreak of fire Restrict the spread of fire gases into otherwise unaffected parts of the building

A closed door restricts oxygen movement, thus helping to starve the fire

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WINDOWS

Allow natural light into a building
Serve to provide ventilation to rooms Generally two types, referred to according to the method of opening Casement Sash

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CASEMENT WINDOWS

The simplest form consists of a rectangular frame with the casement hung on it When more than one casement can be opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light casement.

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VENTLIGHT

TRANSOM.

CASEMENT
DEADLIGHT
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FRAME

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SASH WINDOWS

Pivoted sash - opening part supported by pivots at each side of opening part of window or top and bottom The term SASH refers to the opening portion and includes the glass and the surround Partially inside and outside of opening when open.

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SASH WINDOWS
Sliding sash windows Slide vertically Double hung is the common form of this type of sash, both sashes slide vertically in the frame Another type consists of two sashes, one or both of which can be opened horizontally
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STAIRS AND ROOFS

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STAIRS
Common materials

Wood
Stone Pre cast concrete Steel Composite

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STAIRS
RISER

NOSING

TREAD

CAPPING

STRING

BEARER Lincolnshire Fire and Rescues Training Centre

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STAIRS

HEADROOM

BANNISTER
RISE

NEWEL POST
GOING

RUN PITCH LINE Lincolnshire Fire and Rescues Training Centre

SPANDREL

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ROOF DESIGN

Flat roofs
Pitched roofs

Mansard
Trussed Portal or ridge-framed

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PITCHED ROOFS

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PITCHED ROOFS

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CONFIRMATION
Assessments will be based on this lesson and the corresponding study note

Learning Outcomes

State the most commonly used construction materials and types Identify types of doors and windows commonly used List the principal components of a staircase List the types of roof commonly found.
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THE END
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