UNIDAD I: INTRODUCCIN

1.1 Petrofsica.
1.2 Anlisis de fluidos.

1.3 Manejo de balanzas analticas.

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1.1 Petrofsica.
Petrophysics (petro is Latin for "rock" and physics is the study of nature) is the study of the physical and chemical properties that describe the occurrence and behavior of rocks, soils and fluids.

Petrophysics mainly studies reservoirs of resources, including ore deposits and oil or natural gas reservoirs. Petrophysical studies are used by petroleum engineering, geology, mineralogy, exploration geophysics and other related studies.
Some of the key properties studied in petrophysics are lithology, porosity, water saturation, permeability, density, solid mechanics, magnetization, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and radioactivity.
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1.1 Petrofsica.
La Petrofsica se encarga de caracterizar las propiedades fsicas y texturales de las rocas, especialmente la distribucin de los poros, que sirven como depsitos para las acumulaciones de hidrocarburos, y que permiten considerarlas como posibles prospectos para la explotacin.
En resumen, la Petrofsica puede definirse como el estudio o la medicin de propiedades fsicas de rocas de yacimientos. A nivel laboratorio se refiere a la medicin de propiedades fsicas mediante el anlisis de ncleos.
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1.1 Petrofsica.
Petrophysics, or the physics of rocks impinges on many aspects of geology in this broadest sense from hydrocarbon reservoir evaluation (where its roots remain) through to evolution of the earths crust.

It provides the focal point which enables geologists to exploit geophysical data through calibration, integration and, at times, understanding! Yet it remains largely undervalued and understated.

1.1 Petrofsica.
Petrophysicists in the oil and gas industry typically are employed in helping the engineers and other geoscientists understand the rock properties of the reservoir. Petrophysicists evaluate the reservoir rock properties by employing well log measurements, in which a string of measurement tools are inserted in the borehole, core measurements, in which rock samples are retrieved from subsurface, and sometimes seismic measurements, and combining them with geology and geophysics.

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1.1 Petrofsica.
While most petrophysicists work in the oil and gas industry, some also work in the mining and water resource industries. The properties measured or computed fall into three broad categories: conventional petrophysical properties, rock mechanical properties, and ore quality.

Most petrophysicists are employed to compute what are commonly called conventional (or reservoir) petrophysical properties. These are: lithology, porosity, water saturation, permeability, density, solid mechanics, magnetization, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and radioactivity.

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1.1 Petrofsica.
La Petrofsica y su relacin con otras ciencias

La Petrofsica constituye una de las bases fundamentales de la interpretacin del subsuelo y tiene afinidad no slo con la geologa del petrleo, sino con la geofsica y la ingeniera de yacimientos. En esencia, la Petrofsica es una ciencia multidisciplinaria, y que su ejercicio depender ms de la disposicin del profesional de aprender los conocimientos bsicos de las disciplinas involucradas.

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1.2 Anlisis de fluidos.

Definicin de fluido: [Physics] A substance, such as a liquid or gas, that can flow, has no fixed shape, and offers little resistance to an external stress.

[Chemistry] A fluid is any substance that flows or deforms under an applied shear stress. Fluids comprise a subset of the states of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids.
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1.2 Anlisis de fluidos.

Fluids display properties such as: not resisting deformation, or resisting it only lightly (viscosity), and the ability to flow (also described as the ability to take on the shape of the container). This also means that all fluids have the property of fluidity.

These properties are typically a function of their inability to support a shear stress in static equilibrium.
Solids can be subjected to shear stresses, and to normal stresses both compressive and tensile. In contrast, ideal fluids can only be subjected to normal, compressive stress which is called pressure. Real fluids display viscosity and so are capable of being subjected to low levels of shear stress.
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1.2 Anlisis de fluidos.

The terms compressibility and incompressibility describe the ability of molecules in a fluid to be compacted or compressed (made more dense) and their ability to bounce back to their original density, in other words, their "springiness." An incompressible fluid cannot be compressed and has relatively constant density throughout. Liquid is an incompressible fluid. A gaseous fluid such as air, on the other hand, can be either compressible or incompressible. Generally, for theoretical and experimental purposes, gases are assumed to be incompressible when they are moving at low speeds--under approximately 220 miles per hour. The motion of the object traveling through the air at such speed does not affect the density of the air. This assumption has been useful in aerodynamics when studying the behavior of air in relation to airfoils and other objects moving through the air at slower speeds.

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1.2 Anlisis de fluidos.

Hidrosttica
INCOMPRESIBLES Si se ve poco afectado por los cambios de presin. Su densidad es constante para los clculos. La mayora de los lquidos son incompresibles. Los gases tambien pueden ser considerados incompresibles cuando la variacin de la presin es pequea en comparacin con la presin absoluta. :constante

Fluidos

Aerosttica
COMPRESIBLES
Cuando la densidad de un fluido no puede considerarse constante para los clculos bajo condiciones estticas como en un gas. La mayora de los gases se consideran como fluidos compresibles en algunos casos donde los cambios de T y P son grandes. :variable
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1.2 Anlisis de fluidos.

Properties of fluids Temperature: Temperature was defined as the relative measure of how hot or cold a material is. It can be used to predict the direction that heat will be transferred. Pressure: Pressure was defined as the force per unit area. Common units for pressure are pounds force per square inch (psi).

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1.2 Anlisis de fluidos.

Properties of fluids Mass: Mass was defined as the quantity of matter contained in a body and is to be distinguished from weight, which is measured by the pull of gravity on a body. Specific volume: The specific volume of a substance is the volume per unit mass the substance. Typical units are ft3/lbm.
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1.2 Anlisis de fluidos.

Properties of fluids Density:

Density, on the other hand, is the mass of a substance per unit volume. Typical units are lbm/ft3. Density and specific volume are the inverse of one another. Both density and specific volume are dependants on the temperature and somewhat on the pressure of the fluid. As the temperature of the fluid increases, the density decreases and the specific volume increases.
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1.2 Anlisis de fluidos.

Properties of fluids Density: Since liquids are considered incompressible, an increase in pressure will result in no change in density or specific volume of the liquid. In actuality, liquids can be slightly compressed at high pressures, resulting in a slight increase in density and a slight decrease in specific volume of the liquid.

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1.2 Anlisis de fluidos.

Properties of fluids Buoyancy: Buoyancy is defined as the tendency of a body to float or rise when submerged in a fluid. We all have had numerous opportunities of observing the buoyant effects of a liquid. When we go swimming, our bodies are held up almost entirely by the water. Wood, ice, and cork float on water.

The amount of this buoyant effect was first computed and stated by the Greek philosopher Archimedes. When a body is placed in a fluid, it is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the water that it displaces.
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1.2 Anlisis de fluidos.

In summary:

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1.3 Manejo de balanzas analticas.

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 Un objeto depositado sobre el platillo de una balanza lo desplaza hacia abajo con una fuerza igual a m x g. donde m es la masa del objeto y g la aceleracin de la gravedad

La balanza electrnica utiliza una fuerza electromagntica opuesta para regresar para llevar de nuevo al platillo a su posicin original. La corriente elctrica necesaria para producir esa fuerza es directamente proporcional a la masa, cuyo valor se indica en una pantalla digital.

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Caracteristicas
Se utilizan para pesar slidos. Su caracterstica ms importante es que poseen muy poca incertidumbre (0.01 mg). Generalmente son digitales. Algunas pueden desplegar la informacin en distintos sistemas de unidades.

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 Son especialmente utilizadas en laboratorios. Para su correcto funcionamiento deben de ser calibradas antes de usarse. Recalibradas de manera peridica. Colocadas en espacios en los que no sufran movimientos o vibraciones. No deben ser expuestas a altas o bajas temperaturas asi como a humedad o vapor.

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