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Subject: PLL Detected Receivers Sec: D

SUBMITTED TO:

SYED ARBAB MOHD SHIHAB

NAME & ID of Group Members:
(1) Azimel Baki (2) Tonmoy Barua 10-16493-2 10-16953-2

Phased Locked Loop (PLL)

PLL initially locks to the IF frequency

After locking, voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) would track frequency changes in the input signal by maintaining a phase error The PLL input is a deviated FM and the VCO natural frequency is equal to the IF center frequency
The correction voltage produced at the output of the phase comparator is proportional to the frequency deviation that is equal to the demodulated information signal

Phase-Locked Loop
The PLL is the basis of practically all modern frequency synthesizer design. The block diagram of a simple PLL:

fr

Phase Detector

Vp

LPF

Loop Amplifier

VCO

fo

Operation of PLL
Initially, the PLL is unlocked, i.e., the VCO is at the free-running frequency, fo. Since fo is probably not the same as the reference frequency, fr, the phase detector will generate an error/control voltage, Vp. Vp is filtered, amplified, and applied to the VCO to change its frequency so that fo = fr. The PLL will then remain in phase lock.

PLL applications (I) FM demodulation PLL tracks variation in frequency

also used in Frequency-shift keying - where mark/space ratio changes, not f AM detection if input is sinusoidal, then PLL can demodulate signal from carrier

PLL applications (ii) Frequency synchronization and signal conditioning a poor oscillator can be locked to good reference signal - e.g. color TV remove out-of-range interference, i.e. phase jitter Synchronization for control e.g. motor speed - required for many applications e.g. CD player

FM Receivers
FM receivers, like AM receivers, utilize the super heterodyne principle, but they operate at much higher frequencies (88 - 108 MHz). A limiter is often used to ensure the received signal is constant in amplitude before it enters the discriminator or detector.

Block Diagram of FM Receiver

FM Demodulators
The FM demodulators must convert frequency variations of the input signal into amplitude variations at the output. The Foster-Seeley discriminator and its variant, the ratio detector are commonly found in older receivers. They are based on the principle of slope detection using resonant circuits.

PLL FM Detector

Amplitude limiter
Phase Detector

FM IF Signal

f
VCO

LPF

Demodulated output

S-curve Characteristics of FM Detectors

vo
Em

d fIF d

fi

Advantage
Good frequency accuracy and stability over time and temperature and easy of tuning across multiple channels.

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