University of Kent Faculty of Engineering and Digital Arts Broadband and Mobile Communication Network Master of Science Dissertation by

Erdogan Kaygan

Supervisors name: Dr. John C. Batchelor Examiners name: Dr. Robert Oven
Click to edit Master subtitle style

Frequency Selective Surfaces

2/14/13

Table of Contents

Introduction

Aim of the project

Background Information

Frequency Selective Surface Types of Frequency Selective Surface Comparison Between FSS Elements

Technical Approach and System Analysis

Dimension of FSS Structure 22

2/14/13 Material Selection

Experimental Results

Bandwidth Calculations Simulation Results Measured and Simulated Results Comparison Between Measured and Simulated Results

Conclusion and Recommendations for Future Works

References

2/14/13

33

Introduction

Frequency Selective Surfaces has gained many interests in recent years. It can be essentially regarded as filters of electromagnetic radio waves which are consisting of periodic surface or array elements for band-pass and band-stop response respectively.

The transmit band frequencies and reflect band frequencies are depended by the size of patch and unit cell.

Application areas of Frequency Selective Surfaces are very wide and vary. For example; USA military facilities in Misawa Air Base Cryptology Operation Centre as shown in figure 1 [1].

The project is to integrate these surfaces both finite and infinite size array into building to control the radio performance at mobile and wireless frequencies. 2/14/13 44

Introduction (Continue)

Figure 1. Misawa Air Base Cryptology Operation Centre in Japan (It used for transparent to radar or radio waves to eliminate undesired frequency components) [1] 2/14/13 55

Aim of the Project

The aim of the project is to assess the filtering performance of FSS at different angles of incidence which resonate frequencies between 2 GHz and 5 GHz. FSS responses are often a function of incident angle and it is therefore important to characterize them well for a range of multipath arrival angles. The second aim is to prove that 1x1 and 2x2 infinite FSS elements are perform the same performance. The third aim is to decrease transmission value for finite FSS design. These works will be carried out on both finite and infinite FSS and will form part of a wider project which is gaining much interest from government agencies and industrial architects.

2/14/13

66

Background Information

Frequency selective surfaces are array of periodic elements which are performing as a filter.

FSS can be classified into two main groups as finite and infinite FSS. In infinite FSS, the array elements which are not fixed size are placed periodically into the substrates, however finite FSS use open space boundary and the elements are fixed size.

FSS Investigations are started in 1950s. The most significant issue is how to make an appropriate model.

In 1981, E. A. Parker and S. M. A. Hamdy introduced new elements for frequency selective surface design. They use simple array of ring elements on square PEC and also on a triangular PEC for reflector antennas to compare experimental transmission results with a modal computations [2]. 2/14/13 77

As seen in figure 2 the simulation results and measurement results are almost same.

45 30 0 Figure 2: Simulated and Measurement Results for Ring Elements (0 , 30 , 45 ) [2] 2/14/13 88

Comparison Between FSS Elements

A widely cited letter by T.K. Wu, described the determination of the FSS elements. According to Wus measurements, square loop and ring loop FSS structures are the best choice for the building applications as illustrates in table 1. Table 1 : Comparison Between the Performances of the Common FSS Elements [3]

Note: From 1 to 4 sensitivity is increasing 2/14/13

99

Technical Approach and System Analysis

Figure 3 : FSS Design Work Flow 2/14/13 1010

Dimension of FSS Structure

Figure 4: Dimension of 1x1 Infinite FSS

Outer radius (R): 20 mm Inner radius (r): 16 mm Ring width: 4mm Patch ring thickness: 0.02 mm Substrate thickness: 0.05 mm Substrate: 50 mm x 50 mm.

Figure 5: Dimension of 2x2 Infinite and Finite FSS

Outer radius (R): 20 mm Inner radius (r): 16 mm Ring width: 4mm Patch ring thickness: 0.02 mm Substrate thickness: 0.05 mm Substrate: 100 mm x 100 mm.

Figure 6: Dimension of 1x1 Finite FSS With Metal Screen

Outer radius (R): 20 mm Inner radius (r): 16 mm Ring width: 4mm Patch ring thickness: 0.02 mm Substrate thickness: 0.05 mm Substrate: 100 mm x 100 mm. PEC: 185 mm x 185 mm Length of PEC: 85 mm

2/14/13

1111

Material Selection

Ring Material: Copper(Annealed )

High thermal and electrical conductivity

Metal Screen Material: PEC( Perfect Electric Conductor)

PEC materials do not produce any losses

Substrate Material: Polyimide

Flexible, light weight, and thermal control materials

1212

2/14/13

Simulation Setup

CST Microwave Studio used to simulate the performance of FSS design. It provides excellent interface, simulation performance, and super visual feedback at all stages of the simulation process

Figure 7 : CST Microwave Studio 2/14/13 1313

Fabrication Procedures

Print FSS design on translucent paper Cut Mylar and Photoresist materials for lamination Laminate FSS structures Exposure the laminated FSS structures Using Developer Tank, resolve non exposed part of photo resist materials Put developed FSS structure in Etching Tank to remove unwanted coppers from the design

Figure 8: Fabricated a)infinite FSS, b) Finite FSS c) Finite with PEC FSS 2/14/13 1414

Measurement Setup

Simply signals sending from transmitter antenna to receiver antenna, then the FSS structure performance are followed by network analyser.

2/14/13

Figure 9: Measurement Setup

1515

Experimental Results
Bandwidth Calculation: To calculate bandwidth, maximum frequency and minimum frequencies at a point such as -10 dB need to know. Maximum and minimum frequency can be easily find out as shown in figure 13. Then Bandwidth value is calculated as shown in equation 1. BW (Bandwidth) = (Maximum Frequency) (Minimum Frequency) (1)

Figure 10: Fmin and Fmax for Bandwidth Calculation 2/14/13 1616

Simulation Results
Both 1x1 and 2x2 infinite FSS transmission signals are shown in figure. It proves both FSS design perform the same performance at 3.241 GHz

Figure 11: 1x1 and 2x2 Infinite FSS Transmission Signals 2/14/13 1717

Simulation Results for Infinite FSS at Different Angles

Figure 12: Simulation Results for Infinite FSS TM 0, 30, 2/14/13 and 60

Figure 13: Simulation Results for Infinite FSS TE 0, 30, 18 and 60

Simulation Results for Finite FSS at Different Angles

Figure 14: Simulation Results for Finite FSS TM 0, 30, and 60 2/14/13
3.169 GHz, 3.105 GHz, 3.025

Figure 15: Simulation Results for Finite FSS TE 0, 30, and 60

19

Simulation Results for Finite with PEC FSS at Different Angles

Figure 16: Simulation Results for Finite with PEC FSS TE 0, 30,and 60 2/14/13 GHz, 3.223 GHz, 3.106 3.34

Figure 17: Simulation Results for Finite with PEC FSS TM 0, 30,and 60 2020 3.322 GHz, 3.241 GHz, 3.088

Measured and Simulation Results for Infinite FSS

Figure 18: Measured and Simulated Results for Infinite FSS TE 0

Figure 19: Measured and Simulated Results for Infinite FSS TE 30

2/14/13

Figure 20: Measured and Simulated Results for Infinite FSS TE 60

2121

Measured and Simulation Results for Finite FSS

Figure 24: Measured and Simulated Results for Finite FSS TE 0

Figure 25: Measured and Simulated Results for Finite FSS TE 30

2/14/13

Figure 26: Measured and Simulated Results for Finite FSS TE 60

2222

Measured and Simulation Results for Finite with PEC FSS

Figure 33: Measured and Simulated Results for Finite with PEC FSS TE 0

Figure 34: Measured and Simulated Results for Finite with PEC FSS TE 30

2/14/13

Figure 35: Measured and Simulated Results for Finite with PEC FSS TE 60

2323

Comparison Between Infinite, Finite and Finite with PEC FSS Design

Table 2: Simulated and Measured Results for TE polarization Infinite Finite Finite FSS+PEC

FSS FSS Angle () Frequency Bandwidth Frequency Bandwidth Frequency Bandwidth (GHz) (GHz) (GHz) (GHz) (GHz) (GHz) 0 3.241 0.594 3.268 0.598 3.34 0.602 Simulated 30 3.132 0.360 3.196 0.476 3.223 0.575 60 2.9808 0.226 3.106 0.421 3.142 0.539 0 3.256 0.592 3.259 0.211 3.313 0.601 Measured 30 3.11 0.320 3.169 0.191 3.178 0.568 60 2.9626 0.224 3.005 0.176 3.025 0.526

Table 3: Simulated and Measured Results Differences

Measured and Simulated Angle () 0 30 60 Infinite FSS % age Finite FSS % age

Finite FSS+PEC % age 0.8083 1.396 3.7239

0.46 0.7016 0.6105

0.275 0.8448 3.251

2/14/13

2424

Conclusion and Recommendations for Future Work

TE mode shows greater dependence on variation of the scan angle in theta () than the TM mode does. 1x1 and 2x2 Infinite FSS show the same performance. PEC components increased the resonant frequency and also reduce the transmission signals. The expected resonance frequencies are achieved (2-5 GHz).
2/14/13 Measured

and simulated results are similar.

2525

Future Work

Rings elements can be applied to high power microwave applications as Aviation sector does [4]. Minimizing the circle dimension, high resonance frequencies will be obtain. The sensitivity of elements can be reduce further. That design can be used for 3D circular ring application which is already proved in [5]. Measured Finite FSS Bandwidth size can be increase.

2/14/13

2626

References
[1]. F. Bayatpur, "Metamaterial-Inspired Frequency-Selective Surfaces," University of Michigan, pp.1-4, 2009. [2]. E. Parker and S. Hamdy, "Rings as elements for frequency selective surfaces," Electronics letters, vol. 17, pp. 612-614, 1981. [3]. T. K. Wu, "Frequency-selective surface and grid array," Wiley, New York, 1995. [4]. S. Pugh, "Investigating the Use of Frequency Selective Surfaces in High Power Microwave Applications," Air Force Institute of Technology, DTIC Document 2010.

[5]. S. N. Azemi, K. Ghorbani, and W. S. T. Rowe, "3D Frequency Selective Surfaces," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, vol. 29, pp. 191-203, 2012.
2/14/13 2727

Thank You for Listening

2/14/13

2828