WOOD PRESERVATION

ARCH. SEPIDEH P. AHMADZADEH

WOOD?
Wood is a hard, fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It has been used for hundreds of thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression.

WOOD CLASSIFICATION
HARDWOOD - any leaf bearing tree
Hardwood trees are angiosperms, plants that produce seeds with some sort of covering. This might be a fruit, such as an apple, or a hard shell, such as an acorn. OAK, MAPLE, MAHOGANY, CHERRY, WALNUT, TEAK AND ROSEWOOD

SOFTWOOD - any cone bearing tree.

Softwoods, on the other hand, are gymnosperms. These plants let seeds fall to the ground as is, with no covering. PINE, ASH, HICKORY, BEECH, BIRCH, CEDAR, REDWOOD, HEMLOCK, FIR AND SPRUCE

INDEGENOUS WOOD IN THE PHILIPPINES

Bamboo - for posts, flooring, sidings, roofing,

Molave Queen of Philippine Woods which was impervious to insects, and so hard that it didnt even float in water. Used for:
principal posts, beams and other supports of building Popular for retablos, furniture, organ cases, santos and panels for paintings

Yacal, Guijo, Ipil and Dungon slightly less hard, used also for similar important architectural functions. Narra prized for its blood-sheen, along with banaba, guijo, mangachupoy ideal for floorboards.

WOOD USES:
FUEL CONSTRUCTION FURNITURE AND UTENSIL ARTS SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL EQUIPMENT MEDICINE

WOOD PRESERVATION
All measures that are taken to ensure a long life of wood fall under the definition wood preservation (timber treatment). A preservative is a natural or synthetic chemical that is added to wood, to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.

TYPES OF WOOD PROTECTION: Wood protection by construction design means: keeping off the causes of harm by the appropriate structural arrangements and design Wood protection by selection of materials: selection of more resistant or less sensitive materials (wood or glue type, etc., for example). Artificial wood protection: in the most general sense, treatment with chemical protective media, paints or varnishes, which are introduced into or onto the material.

HISTORY
Treatment of wood has been practised at the beginning of recorded history. ancient Greece during Alexander the Greats rule, where bridge wood was soaked in olive oil.

The Romans also protected their wood by brushing their ship hulls with tar.

Breaf history
4000bc god tells noah to use tar in building the ark. 2000bc gilgamesh epic tar is poured over wood. 484-424bc aluminium potassium sulphate used as fire retardant. 356-323bc wood for bridges treated against olive oil (alexander) 33-14bc vitruvious pollio- charing & coating olive oil. 23-79ad plinius secundus cedar oil resistant to insect & decay. statue of diana in ephesus impregnated with nard oil. Fourth century palladius preservation with salt water. 1445 franckensepiegel timber for a church is boiled in brine.

1452-1419 leonardo da vinci paintings panel & carvings are coated with mercury (ii)chloride, arsenic(iii)oxide. 1469-1524 vasco da gama ship building chared against ship worm. 1500 termites controlled with mercury (ii)chloride, arsenic(iii)oxide. 1718 hiarne awarded patent in sweden wood balm based on copper or iron sulphate. 1st commercially prepared wood preservative. 1756 use of plant tar & extractivesas preservatives in england and america 1800 pyrethrum known as an insecticide. 1815 thomas wade- zinc chloride as a preservative.

1832 kyan british patent for vat treatment with mercury ii chloride aqueous sollution. Beginning of modern wood preservation.

WOOD DEFECTS

PREPARATION OF WOOD
Air Drying

KILN DRYING

BIO-DETERORIATION OF WOOD
Molds and Fungus Stains Molds and fungus stains are confined to a great extent to sapwood and are of various colors. The principal fungus stains are usually referred to as sap stain or blue stain. The distinction between molding and staining is made primarily on the basis of the depth of discoloration.