Ad-Hoc Wireless

Network
Sandeep Nagar
I-Mtech
Computer Science
(08559)
 Road Map
• Introduction Cellular & Ad Hoc Wireless
Network
Application Of Ad Hoc
Wireless Network
• Issues In Ad Hoc Wireless Network
Medium Access Scheme

Routing

Multicasting

Security
 Introduction
• The 1stinnovative communication system was
devised in 500 BC by the king of Persia for
sending the messages(from his capital to remote
provinces of his empire). This system was 25
times faster then the available at that time.

• In 1994 Swedish communication equipment

maker Ericsson proposed to develop a short
range, low power, low complexity & inexpensive
radio interface & that device called BLUETOOTH.

• The principal behind the Ad Hoc n/w is multi hop

relaying.
• Introduction Cellular & Ad Hoc Wireless
Network
 Cellular & Ad Hoc
Wireless Network
• Cellular Wireless Network
• In Cellular wireless n/w
the p presence of
base stations I
msimplifies routing &
resource mmanagement.

•Routing direction are

made in a a
centralized manner with
m o more information
 Cellular & Ad Hoc
Wireless Network…
• Ad Hoc Wireless
Network
• In Ad Hoc wireless n/w
routing & resource
management are done
in a distributed
manner.
• This require each node
to be more intelligent,
so that it can function
both as n/w host for
transmitting &
 Cellular Vs Ad Hoc Wireless
Cellular Wireless
Network
Ad Hoc Wireless
Network Network
• Fixed Infrastructure- • Infrastructure-less
Based • Multi-Hop Wireless links
• Single-Hop Wireless links • Distributed routing
• Centralized routing • Frequent path breaks
• Seamless due to mobility
connectivity(low call • Dynamic frequency
drops during handoffs) reuse based on carrier
• Reuse of frequency sense mechanism
spectrum through • Self-organization and
Geographical channel maintenance properties
reuse. are built into the
• High cost of network network.
Cellular & Ad Hoc Wireless
Network…

Wireless
Mesh
Network
Cellular Wireless Ad-Hoc Wireless
Network
Network
Wireless
Sensor
Network

Hybrid wireless
network
• Introduction Cellular & Ad Hoc Wireless
Network
Application Of Ad Hoc
Wireless Network
Hybrid Wireless Network
Wireless Mesh Network
Wireless Sensor Network
 Application Of Ad Hoc Wireless
Network
Hybrid Wireless Network
• It is the combination of
CELLULAR
network & Ad-Hoc network .
• It support Multi-Hop Cellular

Network.
• Primary concept behind cellular

network is geographical
channel
reuse.
MAIN ADVANTAGES
o Higher Capacity
 Application Of Ad Hoc Wireless
Network
Wireless Mesh Network
• Mesh networking is a way
to route
data, voice and instructions
between nodes
• Mesh networks are self-
healing:
the network can still
operate even
when a node breaks down
or a
 Application Of Ad Hoc
Wireless Network
Wireless Sensor Network • A wireless sensor
network
(WSN) is a wireless
network
consisting of spatially
distributed
autonomous
devices using
sensors to
cooperatively
monitor
physical or
environmental
conditions, such as
temperature, sound,
vibration, pressure,
motion
or pollutants, at
• Introduction Cellular & Ad Hoc Wireless
Network
Application Of Ad Hoc
Wireless Network
• Issues In Ad Hoc Wireless Network
Medium Access Scheme

Routing

Multicasting
 Issues In Ad Hoc Wireless
Network
Medium Access Scheme
• The primary responsibility of MAC(Medium Access
Control) Protocol in ad-hoc network is distributed
arbitration for the shared channel for transmission
of packet.
• Major issues in MAC Protocol are:
– Distributed Operating System :-> Ad-Hoc wireless n/w needs
to operate in environment where no centralized co-ordination is
possible.
– Synchronization :-> MAC protocol design should take into
account the requirement of time synchronization. It is mandatory
for TDMA based system for management of transmission &
reception slots.
– Capability for Power Control :-> The transmission power
control reduce the energy consumption at the node, causes a
 Issues In Ad Hoc Wireless
Network
Routing
The responsibility of routing protocol are
§ Exchange the route information, finding the feasible
path from source to destination(such as Hop-length)
§ Minimum power required & it save wireless link life
time(till the network is there).
The major challenges that a routing
protocol faces are
§ Quick route reconfiguration:- The unpredictable changes in
the topology of the network require that the routing protocol
be able to quickly perform route reconfiguration.
§ Loop-Free Routing :- This is the fundamental requirement of
any routing protocol to avoid unnecessary wastage of nodes.
 Issues In Ad Hoc Wireless
Network
Multicasting
• It plays an important role in typical network
application of ad-hoc network.
• For example: Emergency search & rescue
operation, Military communication & etc… In such
environment certain tasks that require are:
o Point to multipoint(voice & data communication)
o Multipoint to multipoint(voice & data communication)
• The arbitrary movement of nodes changes the
topology dynamically in unpredictable manner.
So for such type of network MESH-SHAPED
structure is very beneficial because it work in
high mobility environment.
• Introduction Cellular & Ad Hoc Wireless
Network
Application Of Ad Hoc
Wireless Network
• Issues In Ad Hoc Wireless Network
Medium Access Scheme

Routing

Multicasting

Security
 Contention-Based Protocols
• In this protocol, node does not make any resource
reservation priori. But whenever it receives a packet
to be transmitted it compete with its neighbor nodes
for access to the share channel.
• This protocol cannot provide QoS(Quality of
Service)In this Protocol we discuss MACAW(Medium
Access Protocol for Wireless LAN) mechanism.
• MACAW in this we use Back-off mechanism.
 Contention-Based Protocols
cont….
BACK-OFF MECHANISM
Back-Off mechanism is a method for reducing
the collision. Start

Set
Back-off
to zero
Wait
Send
back-off
the
time
frame
No yes
Send
Incremen
jam
t back-off
signal no
ye
Succes
abort s
s
 Contention-Based Protocols
cont….
• Back-off continue…
The Station wait time= 2N x
maximum_propagation_time
N is the no. of attempted transmissions.
maximum_propagation_timeis the time
needed for a bit r reach the end of
network.
 Contention-Based Protocols
cont….
• In MACAW use control packets
RTS CTS DS DATA ACK
RTS-Request to send
RT
CTS-Clear to send S
DS-Data sending(30 bytes) CT
ACK-Acknowledgement SD
S
D
ATA
AC
K

Send Receiv
er er
 Contention-Based Protocols
with Reservation Mechanism
• Ad-Hoc wireless n/w sometime need to support real-
time traffic, which require QoS(Quality Of Service)
guarantees to be provided.

• In content-based protocol nodes are not provide

QoS. So for support real-time traffic we need to
reserving bandwidth.
 Contention-Based Protocols
with Reservation Mechanism
• D-PRMA(Distributed Packet Reservation
Multiple Access Protocol)
– Basically PRMA (Packet Reservation Multiple Access)
was proposed for voice support in wireless LAN with
base station.

– But now PRMA use with distributed system that’s why it

is called D-PRMA.

– D-PRMA is based on TDMA(Time Division Multiple

Access). In this the channels are divided into fixed &
equal-sized frames along with time access.
 Contention-Based Protocols
with Reservation Mechanism
• Frame Structure In D-PRMA
Frame
Length

– Each frames is composed of slots ‘s’ & each slots

consist of mini slots ‘m’
– Each mini slots can be further divided into two control
field
• RTS/BI(Request to Send/Busy Indication)
• CTS/BI(Clear to Send/Busy Indication)
• The control fields RTS & CTS are used for slots reservation
and overcoming the hidden terminal problem.
 Contention-Based Protocols
with Reservation Mechanism
• Hidden Terminal Problem:
S
1

R
S
2

• In this situation Receiver can receive packets from two or

many nodes which cannot here each other.
• Receiver may be bombard by both the sender, resulting
Collision & Reducing Throughput.
• SOLUTION for this problem is :
• When all nodes having packets ready for transmission are
compete for the first minislot of each slot. The remaining (m-1)
minislot are granted to the node that wins the competition.
 Contention-Based MAC
Protocols with Scheduling
• This protocol focus on packet scheduling at nodes &
also scheduling nodes to access to channel.

• This Protocol proposed two mechanism- for providing

quality of service(QoS) support for connection in ad-
hoc wireless n/w.
– DPS(Distributed Priority Scheduling)
– Multi-Hop Co-ordination

• DPS(Distributed Priority Scheduling)

– It is based on 802.11 IEEE distributed co-ordinate function.
– DPS use same basic RTS->CTS->DATA->ACK packet
exchange mechanism.
 Contention-Based MAC
Protocols with Scheduling
• DPS Continue…
• It build the schedule table(ST) in which 3 columns are
AC
Source RTS CTS DATA
K
(node
1)
AC
Destinatio RTS CTS DATA
K
n
(node 2)
Neighbor NAV
Node
(node 4)

Scheduling Table Update at neighbor

Node 4
S - Source ID, D - Destination ID, P -
 Contention-Based MAC
Protocols with Scheduling
• Multi-Hop Co-ordination

– It Just extend the DPS Scheme. It

scheduling over the multi-hop paths.

– In this case each node calculate the priority

index of DATA packet in the recursive
fashion, based on the received value of the
priority index.