A GOOD DAY!

WELCOME

 REMINDER : KINDLY CHECK YOUR REG. FORM IF YOU ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN BIO 1 UNDER THE PRESCRIBED TIME AND ROOM ASSIGNMENT STUB CODE: 093 (7:00-8:30 tth) R207
089 (8:30-10:00 TTH) R207 104 (4-5:30 TTH) R203 087 (8-9 mwf) R208 BE SURE THAT YOUR REG. FORM IS STAMPED OFFICIALLY ENROLLED

GETTING TO KNOW EACH OTHER

1.TEACHER TO INTRODUCE HIMSELF FIRST.

2. STUDENTS TO INTRODUCE THEMSELVES A. Full name B. High School where graduated and the Place C. GRADE IN HIGH SCHOOL BIOLOGY (optional)

I AM YOUR TEACHER FOR THE ENTIRE SEMESTER

NAME

: PROF. ERNESTO SAMSON ESPORAS ELEFAN

PLACE: PAGLAUM, BINALBAGAN, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL Schools: BINALBAGAN CATHOLIC HIGH SCHOOL- CLASS SALUTATORIAN CPU :BS Major: CROP SCIENCE & ANIMAL SCIENCE U.P. LOS BANOS .MASTERS: WEED SCIENCE AND PLANT TAXONOMY MASTER IN MANAGEMENT/ADMINISTRATION

EXPERTISE: PLANT CLASSIFICATION, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, CROP PRODUCTIOM & MANAGEMENT,

BOOKS WRITTEN:
1. 2. 3. 4. FLOWERING PLANTS OF CENTRAL PHIL. UNIV. FLOWERING PLANTS OF BULABOG PUTIAN NATURAL PARK, DINGLE, ILOILO INDIGENOUS FOREST TREES AND SHRUBS OF MT. UMINGAN, ALIMODIAN 100 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PANAY ISLANDS

GRADING SYSTEM IN BIO 1 / 2 PRELIM EXAM : 20% MIDTERM EXAM: 20% PREFINAL EXAM: 20% FINAL EXAM: 40% Total : 100% (MAJOR EXAMS) BASES OF FINAL GRADE COMPUTATION: 70% - MAJOR EXAMS (ABOVE) 10%- QUIZZES / RECITATION 20%- REPORTS (FIELD TRIP or CLASS ROOM ORAL REPORTS) LECTURE / LABORATORY 60% LECTURE / 40% LABORATORY

BIO 1 GRADING SYSTEM AND COMPUTATION

PRELIM EXAM : 20% MIDTERM EXAM: 20% PREFINAL EXAM: 20% FINAL EXAM: 40% Total : 100% (MAJOR EXAMS)

BASES OF FINAL GRADE COMPUTATION: 60% - MAJOR EXAMS (ABOVE) 40%- REPORTS (FIELD TRIP or CLASS ROOM ORAL REPORTS) ; ECO-CULTURAL SHOW

BIO MAJOR EXAMS* PROJECTED COVERAGE

Prelim Introduction, Chapters 1 (2) Midterm- Chapters (2), 3, 4 and 5 (6) Prefinals- Chapters 6-11 Finals - Chapters 12-15

*Note: REVIEW PRIOR TO EXAMS WILL BE CONDUCTED Textbook: BIOLOGY FOR NON-SCIENCE MAJORS By : Agravante, et al Where to buy: Rex Bookstore, San Isidro, Jaro, about 100 meters away from the CPU THIRD GATE.

SCORE EQUIVALENT FOR MAJOR EXAMS

96-100% = 1.00 90-95% = 1.25 84-89% = 1.50 78-83% = 1.75 72- 77% = 2.0 66-71% = 2.25 60-65% = 2.50 54-59% = 2.75 48-53% = 3.00 42-47% = 3.25 36-41 = 3.50 30-35% = 3.75 24-29% = 4.00 18-23% = 4.25 12-17% = 4.50 6-11% = 4.75 0-5% = 5.00

STUDENT ACADEMIC PROGRESS REPORT

SCORE CREDIT/ BONUS FINAL SCORE RATING % of FINAL GRADE EXTRCTD VALUE

PRELIM

90

20

100

1.00

20

0.4

MIDTERM
PREFINALS FINALS
EXAM FINAL GRADE
QUIZZES

90
120 90

10
20 10

100
140 100

1.00
1.25 1.0

20
20 40 70

0.6
0.8 0.4 2.20 1.54 0.15 0.40 2.09 2.00

1.5 2.0

10 20

REPORTS FINAL GRADE

NAME OF STUDENT: ERNESTO S. ELEFAN TERM: SECOND SEMESTER 2011-2012

3 -DAY ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY EXPOSURE TRIP TO BACOLOD CITY, LA CARLOTA CITY KANLAON CITY, DUMAGUETECITY Date: Feb 2-4, 2012 (NOTE: THIS TRIP IS NOT COMPULSORY DUE TO FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE PART OF THE STUDENTS)
NOTE: FOOD NOT INCLUDED (self provision) Deadline for waiver= Jan. 16, 2012 Payment deadline = Jan. 27, 2012 TICKETS DISTRIBUTION DATE: JAN. 30, 2012 AT R203 ANNEX
STUDENTS WHO WILL BE JOINING WILL BE REQUIRED TO SUBMIT AND INDIVIDUAL NARRATIVE REPORT ON THE SIGNFICANT THINGS LEARNED DURING THE TRIP . IT WILL BE CREDITED TO THE FINAL EXAM .

ABSENCES ALLOWED
20% OF THE TOTAL CLASS MEETINGS: Example: MWF No. of class meetings: 52 x .2 (20%)= 10.4abs TTH No. Of class meeting: 36 x .2 (20%)= 7.0 abs

IF YOU INCUR 3 SUCCESSIVE UNEXCUSED ABSENCES YOU ARE CONSIDERED DROPPED

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

THE LECTURE PROPER BEGINS

UNLESS THERE ARE PRIOR QUESTIONS FROM THE FLOOR

What is Biology?

Biology is........
Biology, the science of life Bios means life; logos means the study of. Encompasses the study of plants, animals, protists, fungi, true bacteria, and archaeobacteria. These belong to the 3 DOMAINS AND 4 KINGDOMS of living things

Q.2 What are the 3 DOMAINS and 4 KINGDOMS kingdoms of life? give examples for each

 3 DOMAINS (TAXONOMIC LEVEL HIGHER THAN KINGDOM 1. ARCHAEA/ ARCHAEABACTERIA 2. EUBACTERIA 3. EUKARYOTES 3.1. KINGDOM ANIMALIA 3.2. KINGDOM PLANTAE 3.3. KINGDOM PROTISTA 3.4. KINGDOM FUNGI

ANIMALIA

ALOE VERA AGARICUS The

PARAMECIUM

ARCHAEBACTEIUM
Found near deep-sea hydrothermal vents is classified as Methanococcus jannaschii

STREPTOCOCCUS

Anthrax Bacteria An electron micrograph shows a cluster of bacteria, Bacillus anthracis, in a capillary of a lung. The bacteria cause anthrax, a disease

EXTREMOPHILE (ARCHAEBACTERIA)

Q.3. Why Study Biology?

Explain its importance or relevance to you as: 1. a mere human being 2. as a student in your chosen course 3. a professional

HISTORY OF BIOLOGY
1. WHEN DID THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY STARTED? 2. NAME SOME KNOWN PERSONAGES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS ON THE ADVANCEMENT OF BIOLOGY.

HISTORY OF BIOLOGY
Beginning before human civilization. People observed things around to survive to supply their basic needs

* Modern biology was born in the 14the century (1543)

The term was introduced in Germany in 1800 and popularized by the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck as a means of encompassing the growing number of disciplines involved with the study of living forms.
1665 ROBERT HOOKE DISCOVERED CELLS IN CORK OBSERVED UNDER THE MICROSCOPE 1674 - ANTON VON LEEUWENHOEK OBSERVED PLANTS AND ANIMALS STRUCTURE AND SUGGESTED THAT THESE ARE COMPOSED OF CELL

1831= ROBERT BROWN OBSERVED THE NUCLEUS, THE CENTRAL PART OF THE CELL 1835= DUJARDIN DESCRIBED THAT CELL S ARE NOT HOLLOW STRUCTURES BUT FILLED WITH FLUIDS 1838 = ( MATHIAS SCHLEIDEN) AND 1839 (THEODORE SCHWANN) CON CLUDED THAT PLANTS AND ANIMALS ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS 1858 = RUDOLF VIRCHOW REVEALED THAT ALL CELLS COME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS 1822-1884, GREGOR MENDEL Austrian monk, whose experimental work became the basis of modern hereditary theory. 1707-1778, CAROLUS LINNEAUS Swedish naturalist, who developed binomial nomenclature to classify and organize plants and animals. 1843-1910= ROBERT KOCH ), German scientist and Nobel laureate, who founded modern medical bacteriology,

MENDEL

LINNEAUS

KOCH

Characteristics of Living Things

Living organisms ( micro and macro) share common characteristics: 1. Definite Organization 2. Nutrition 3. Metabolism 4. Growth 5. Reproduction 6. Irritability or Responsiveness 7. Movement 8. Adaptation and Evolution

1. Definite Organization OR orderly organization

Q.4. Who can explain this characteristic?

1. Definite Organization OR orderly organization

Q.4. Who can explain this characteristic? There is a systematic or chronological development of an organism from a simple atom to a complex functional organism (plants, animals) = organisms are consist of cells

X
ATOMS TISSUE(s)
POPULATION

Simple MOLECULES ORGAN(s) MACROMOLECULE S

SPECIES

ORGANELLE

ORGAN SYSTEM (s)

COMMUNITY

CELL

ORGANISM(S) LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

ECOSYSTEM

PLANT CELL (LEFT) & ANIMAL CELL (RIGHT) SHOWING THEIR ORGANELLES

Theory of Evolution Evolution provides an essential framework for studying the ongoing history of life on Earth. A central, and historically controversial, component of evolutionary theory is That all living organisms, from microscopic bacteria to plants, insects, birds, and mammals, share a common ancestor. Species that are closely related share a recent common ancestor, while distantly related species have a common ancestor further in the past. The animal most closely related to humans, for example, is the chimpanzee. The common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees is believed to have lived approximately 6 million to 7 million years ago. On the other hand, an ancestor common to humans and reptiles lived some 300 million years ago. And the common ancestor to even more distantly related forms lived even further in the past. Evolutionary biologists attempt to determine the history of lineages as they diverge and how differences in characteristics developed over time.

Darwinism

 NEXT CHARACTERISTIC OF LIVING THINGS?

2. NUTRITION
What is nutrition? What is its biological significance or importance? Why do organisms differ in their nutritional requirement?

What are the 2 class. Organisms according to nutrition?

Nutrition the study on how organisms procure food and its effect on their health and survival being vital for them to grow, reproduce, and maintain normal physiological functioning Classification of organisms according to their mode of nutrition 1. autotrophic 2. heterotrophic
Q.5. Differentiate the two types of organisms above?

1. What is metabolism? 2. What are the 2 phases of

metabolism?

Metabolism:
Defined (chemistry) as inclusive term for the chemical reactions by which the cells of an organism transform energy, maintain their identity, and reproduce.

The reactions are triggered, controlled, and terminated by specific cell enzymes or catalysts, and each reaction is coordinated with the numerous other reactions throughout the organism.

TYPES OF METABOLISM

1. Anabolism 2. Catabolism

Be able to differentiate the two and give examples of each

 1. Anabolism, or constructive metabolism, = is the process of synthesis required for the growth of new cell and maintenance of all tissues

2. Catabolism, or destructive metabolism, =is a continuous process concerned with the production of the energy required for all external and internal physical activity.

= It also involves the: 1)maintenance of body temperature and the 2)degradation of complex chemical units into simpler substances that can be removed as waste products from the body ( EX. through the kidneys, digestive organs).

 What happens when anabolism exceeds catabolism? What happens when catabolism exceeds anabolism?

 When anabolism exceeds catabolism, growth or weight gain occurs. When catabolism exceeds anabolism, such as during periods of starvation or disease, weight loss occurs. When the two metabolic processes are balanced, the organism is said to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium.

4. Growth
DEFINE THE WORD BIOLOGICALLY

GROWTH Growth - process by which humans /plants increase in size and develop their mature form and function. Both increase in size and maturation are subsequently dependent on an adequate supply of nutrients and vitamins, in addition to the production of various hormones by the body.

Two types of growth

1. Intussusception

2. Accretion Differentiate the two! ANYONE IN THE CLASS?

1, Accretion ( Growth occurs outside) 1) increase: an increase in size as a result of accumulation or the growing together of separate things 2) increase in landmass: a process by which a body of rock or a landmass increases in size as a result of material accumulating on or around it 3) increase in size of continents: a process by which the size of a continent increases as a result of the moving together and deforming of tectonic plates

2. Intussusception (growth occurs inside)

AS a result of their metabolic activities, living things may increase in the number of molecules of which they are composed resulting in an increase in cell NUMBER and SIZE.
ABSORBED

FOOD

CELL DIVIDES

MOLECULES PARENT CELL INCREASED CELL SIZE

DAUGHTER CELLS

Single-celled organisms may just double their size Multi- celled organisms increase their size many folds in their lives.

FLAGELLUM

STREPTOCOCCI

BACILLUS

EUGLENA
PSEUDOPODIA

AMOEBA PARAMECIUM

DINOFLAGELLATE

DIATOMS

5. Reproduction
A. Defined as........ B. Types : 1. Sexual 2. Asexual Differentiate the two

1. Sexual involves the union of sperm and egg cells

(sex cells or gametes)

2. Asexual involves the use of a somatic OR body cell, tissue, part or an organ of an organism and not sex cells OR the formation of a new individual from cells of the parent, without meiosis, gamete formation, or fertilization.

DO PLANTS ALSO REPRODUCE SEXUALLY?

PINNATELY COMPOUND LEAF

COMPOSITE FLOWER

YES ! PLANTS ALSO HAVE SEX ORGANS and PRODUCE SEX CELLS?
WHICH PLANT ORGANS OR PARTS ARE THEIR SEX ORGANS OR REPRODUCIVE PARTS? WHAT DO YOU CALL THER MALE SEX ORGANS? WHAT DO YOU CALL THE FEMAL SEX ORGANS? WHERE DO FIND THE SPERM AND EGG CELLS OF PLANTS?

COMPLETE AND PERFECT FLOWER

POLLINATON PROCESS

POLLEN STRUCTURE

 There are several types of asexual reproduction : 1 . FISSION is the simplest form and involves the division of a single organism into two complete organisms, each identical to the other and to the parent. Common among unicellular organisms such as bacteria, many protists, some algae such as Spirogyra and Euglena, as well as a few higher organisms such as flatworms and certain species of polychaete worms.
2. REGENERATION in which an entire organism may be generated from a part of its parent. It refers to re-growth of missing or damaged body parts in higher organisms, but whole body regeneration occurs in hydroids (see Hydra), starfish, and many plants.

3. SPORES are another form of asexual reproduction and are

common among bacteria, protists, and fungi Spores are DNA-containing capsules capable of sprouting into new organisms; unlike most seeds, spores are produced without sexual union of gametes, that is, reproductive

4. BUDDING is another method of asexual reproduction in which

a group of self-supportive cells sprouts from and then detaches from the parent organism. Unlike eggs or spores, buds are multicellular and usually contain more than one cell layer. Hydroids and sea squirts reproduce by budding.

5. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION is common among

plants and consists of certain parts that grow out from a main parent plant and eventually root and sprout to form new, independent plants. Examples are the 1)runners of strawberries, 2)the tubers of potatoes, and 3) the bulbs of onions. 6. PARTHENOGENESIS is an important means of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed from unfertilized eggs. It occurs in some insects, amphibians, reptiles, and birds and in some species of plants.

 Some species switch between asexual and sexual modes of reproduction in an annual cycle so that each takes place at the most favorable time. Examples of this are aphids that reproduce asexually in the summer but sexually in the fall, and water fleas, which have a similar cycle.

6. IRRITABILITY OR RESPONSIVENESS
WHAT IS IRRITABILITY?

 IRRITABILITY IS THE ABILITY OF AN ORGANISM OR LIVING THING TO RESPOND OR REACT TO STIMULI WHAT IS STIMULI / STIMULUS? CITE EXAMPLES OF STIMULUS

SOMETHING THAT CAUSES PHYSICAL RESPONSE FROM AN ORGANISM

GIVE EXAMPLES OF STIMULI

 STIMULI TYPE OF RESPONSE (TOWARD OR AWAY) 1. LIGHT= PHOTOTROPISM / PHOTOTAXIS 2. GRAVITY= GEOTROPISM / GEOTAXIS 3. WATER= HYDROTROPISM / HYDROTAXIS 4. TEMPERATURE= THERMOTROPISM/ TAXIS 5. TOUCH = THIGMOTROPISM /TAXIS 6. ELECTRICITY = GALVANOTROPISM / TAXIS 7. WATER CURRENT= RHEOTROPISM /TAXIS 8. CHEMICALS = CHEMOTROPISM / TAXIS 9. COLOR = CHROMOTROPISM / TAXIS

7. MOVEMENT
LOCOMOTION MOVEMENT FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER STRUCTURES FOR LOCOMOTION: 1. FLAGELLA - SPERM CELL, EUGLENA, SOME BACTERIA 2. WINGS- BIRDS, FLYING REPTILES, BATS 3. FEET - MAMMALS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS 4. FINS- FISHES

8. ADAPTATION AND EVOLUTION

DESCRIBE THE TERMS

1. ADAPTATION
* Adaptation word used by biologists in two different senses, both of which imply the accommodation of a living organism to its environment. One form of adaptation, called physiological adaptation, involves the acclimatization of an individual organism to a sudden change in environment.
Acclimatization, also physiological adaptation, process by which an organism becomes better adapted to exist in an environment different from the one to which it was indigenous. If the environmental difference is extreme, changes take place in the structure and physiology of the organism. Each organism, however, has certain limits of temperature and other conditions within which it can survive, and some alleged instances of acclimatizing have merely been instances of unsuspected hardiness in the organism.

EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION
Evolutionary adaptations are the result of the competition among individuals of a particular species over many generations in response to an everchanging environment, including other animals and plants. Certain traits are culled by natural selection

MIMICRY

SNAKE ADAPTATION

 Evolution, in biology,
complex process by which the characteristics of living organisms change over many generations as traits are passed from one generation to the next. The science of evolution seeks to understand the biological forces that caused ancient organisms to develop into the tremendous and ever-changing variety of life seen on Earth today. It addresses how, over the course of time, various plant and animal species branch off to become entirely new species, and how different species are related through complicated family trees that span millions of years.

Scientific Method

Scientific method
Observation
Collection and organization of data (accumulated scientific data) hypothesis Experimentation and / or Observations Results confirm hypothesis conclusion Results reject hypothesis Revise hypothesis

Scientific Method, the term denoting the principles that guide scientific research and experimentation, and also the philosophic bases of those principles. Whereas philosophy in general is concerned with the why as well as the how of things, science occupies itself with the latter question only, but in a scrupulously rigorous manner. The era of modern science is generally considered to have begun with the Renaissance, but the rudiments of the scientific approach to knowledge can be observed throughout human history.

Definitions of scientific method use such concepts as objectivity of approach to and acceptability of the results of scientific study. Objectivity indicates the attempt to observe things as they are, without falsifying observations to accord with some preconceived world view. Acceptability is judged in terms of the degree to which observations and experimentations can be reproduced. Scientific method also involves the interplay of inductive reasoning (reasoning from specific observations and experiments to more general hypotheses and theories) and deductive reasoning (reasoning from theories to account for specific experimental results). By such reasoning processes, science attempts to develop the broad lawssuch as Isaac Newton's law of gravitationthat become part of our understanding of the natural world.

Hypothesis a preliminary assumption or tentative explanation that accounts for a set of facts, taken to be true for the purpose of investigation and testing; a theory.
Forms: 1. NULL OR NEGATIVE 2. AFFIRMATIVE OR POSITIVE .

Some famous hypotheses:

in astronomy and cosmology: the Big Bang Theory, the SteadyState Theory, and the Copernican System in the life sciences: the theory of Natural Selection, Conditioning, and Behaviorism in earth sciences: Continental Drift, the asteroid theory of Dinosaur Extinction, and the rival theories of Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism in physics: the Einsteins Theory of Relativity, Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle, the quest for a Unified Field Theory in mathematics, computer and information sciences: Theory of Equations, Automata Theory, Game Theory, and Decision Theory.