BY-HARVINDER ATTRI & KULWINDER SINGH SUBMITTED TO MR NRIPJIT SINGH

A transducer is a device, usually electrical, electronic, electro-mechanical, electromagnetic, photonic, or photovoltaic that converts one type of energy or physical attribute to another for various purposes including measurement or information transfer (for example, pressure sensors).

Non-electrical physical quantity: temperature, sound or light

Generally into Electrical signal

Self generating type It does not require an external power and produce an analog voltage or current when stimulated by some physical form of energy
Thermocouple Photovoltaic cell Thermopiles Piezoelectric

Passive transducers It require an external power for energy conversion and the output is a measure of some variation (resistance or capacitance)
Thermistor Resistance strain gauge Differential transformer Resistance thermometer

Analog Transducer- In these transducer with the variation of input, there is a continuous variation of output. These transducer converts the input quantity into an analog output which is a continuous function of time.
Strain gauge Thermocouple Thermistor

Digital Transducer- In digital transducer, with the variation of input there is a digital or discrete type of output.
Digital Encoder Vibrating string transducers Frequency domain transducers

Input Transducers These transducers converts a non electrical quantity signal into an electrical signal.
Strain gauge Photo electrical cell

Output Transducers These transducers converts electrical signal back into a non electrical quantity.
Lamp converts electricity to light Loudspeaker converts electricity to sound

Mechanical suitability in terms of physical size,weight, shape & mounting arrangement. Electrical suitability in terms of sensitivity, frequency, response & ease of signal transmission. Environmental suitability in terms of sensitivity to temp. & self heating effect, magnetic field, vibration, dust, humidity & supply frequency

Temperature transducers
Thermocouples Resistance-Temperature Detectors (RTD) Thermistors

Displacement transducers
Capacitive transducer Inductive transducer Variable inductance transducer

o
o o

Resistive position transducers Strain gauge

In 1821, T.J. Seebeck discovered that an electric potential occurs when 2 different metals are joined into a loop and the two junctions are held at different temperatures. Seebeck emf a voltage difference between the two ends of the conductor that depends on the temperature difference of the ends and a material property. If the ends of the wire have the same temperature, no emf occurs, even if the middle of the wire is hotter or colder.

Twisting or welding of 2 wires

Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), also called resistance thermometers, are temperature sensors that exploit the predictable change in electrical resistance of some materials with changing temperature. Temperature Metal Resistance

The resistance ideally varies linearly with temperature.

Semiconductor resistance sensors Unlike metals, thermistors respond negatively to temperature and their coefficient of resistance is of the order of 10 times higher than that of platinum or copper. Temperature semiconductor resistance

Symbol

Temperature transducers
Thermocouples Resistance-Temperature Detectors (RTD) Thermistors

Displacement transducers Strain gauge Resistive position transducers

Capacitive transducer Inductive transducer Variable inductance transducer

The capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is given by

o A C d

= dielectric constant o = 8.854 x 1o-12, in farad per meter A = the area of the plate, in square meter d = the plate spacing in meters

Principle: if there is a relative motion between a conductor and magnetic field, a voltage is induced in the conductor.

Consist of a primary winding and two secondary windings with the magnetic core free to move inside the coils. Where AC supplied is given to the primary coil which generate magnetic flux and when core moves between winding then voltage will be induced in the secondary coil.

When the core is in the center, the voltage induced in the two secondaries is equal.

Core at the center V1 = V2 Vo = 0

When the core is moved in one direction from the center, the voltage induced in one winding is increased and that in the others is decreased. Core moves towards S1 V1 > V2 Vo increase

Movement in the opposite direction reverse the effect. Core moves towards S2 V2 > V1 Vo decrease

A strain gauge is a passive type resistance pressure transducer whose electrical resistance changes when it is stretched or compressed

Thank

You