Chemical Bonding Why do bonds form?

to lower the potential energy between positive and negative charges positive charges protons cations negative charges electrons anions Periodic Table

metals lose e-

non-metals gain e-

Lewis electron-dot symbols element symbol = nucleus + core eone dot = valence e-

metals dot = e- it loses to form cation non-metal unpaired dot = e- paired through e- gain or sharing

Ionic bonding metal + non-metal 2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g) 2 NaCl (s) Na . + :Cl . Na++ :Cl-: [Ne] 3s1 [Ne]3s23p5 [Ne] [Ar] : : : :

2 Ca(s) + O2(g) 2 CaO (s) . . Ca . :O : . [Ar]4s2 [He]2s2 2p4 Ca2+ O2[Ar] [Ne]

Ionic bonding metal + non-metal low Ionization Energy lose 1 or 2 valence ehigh Electron Affinity gain e-

electron transfer takes place electrostatic attraction between cation and anion
e+

formula = ratio of anions to cations

Ionic sizes
+

isoelectronic series same # electrons

46 e-

+49 +50 +51

ions get smaller

Ionic bonding metal + non-metal 2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g) 2 NaCl (s)

Ionic bonding metal + non-metal 2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g) 2 NaCl (s)

exothermic heat given off negative Ionization Energy Na Na+ Electron Affinity Cl ClLattice Energy E = k Q1Q2 d Coulombs law NaCl Na++ Cl-

+ 496 kJ/mol -349 kJ/mol -787 kJ/mol -640 kJ/mol

Ionic solids
cation + anion + metal non-metal sodium + chlorine Na+ Cl sodium chloride 801o C lithium + oxygen Li 2 O lithium oxide Li + O2> 1700oC magnesium + nitrogen Mg 3 N2 magnesium nitride Mg 2+ N3-

NaCl

strong interactions (ion-ion) high melting points

Transition metals

more than 1 form except aluminum+ sulfur Al3+ S 2Al2 S 3 aluminum sulfide

Ag+ Zn2+ manganese + oxygen Cd2+ Mn1+ Mn2+ Mn3+ Mn4+ Al3+ Mn3+ O2-2- MnO2 3 Mn2O O Mn4+ manganese(IV) oxide manganese(III) oxide

Covalent bonding non-metal + non-metal

electrons shared between atoms

high Ionization Energies high Electron Affinities electron density between the atoms

distance between atoms = bond length

formula = actual # atoms

Lewis structure :F. + :F. : F: F . : F F : . [He]2s22p5 [Ne]

: :

: : : :

: :

e- not used in bonding lone pairs shared e- bonding pair shared equally between F H. 1s1 : : . .H H.O.

.O .
[He]2s22p4

[He] [Ne] oxygen 2 lone pairs bonding pair not shared equally

: :

: : : :

Covalent bonding non-metal + non-metal . H. + H . H.H [He] 1s1 1s1

Covalent compounds non-metal + non-metal share valence electrons = chemical bonds carbon + chlorine 1 mono 4+ Cl C 2 di 3 tri CCl4 4 tetra carbon tetrachloride 5 penta

nitrogen + oxygen ? N O 2NO nitrogen monoxide 2+ 4+ NO2 nitrogen dioxide N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide 4+

6 hexa 7 hepta 8 octa

N 3+ H1H 1+ O2-

Covalent compounds NH3 nitrogen trihydride H2O

ammonia water

dihydrogen monoxide

weak forces low m.p. 0.0oC

Table 2.5 p. 62 Polyatomic ions ClO3MnO4CrO42CO32chlorate permanganate chromate carbonate

NH4+ OHNO3SO42PO43-

ammonium hydroxide nitrate sulfate phosphate

Metallic Bonding metal + metal metals valence e- well shielded

low Ionization Energy low Electron Affinities share valence e- not localized between atoms delocalized move freely throughout metal
Na (nucleus and core e-) e- sea (valence e-)

Electronegativity ability of an atom in a molecule to attract e- to itself related to Ionization Energy Electron Affinity

Pauling scale

NaCl 2.1 ionic 801oC BeCl2 1.5 polar covalent 405oC AlCl3 1.5 polar covalent 178oC PCl3 0.9 polar covalent 76oC Cl2 0.0 covalent non-polar covalent 0.4 C H + C O polar covalent 0.5-1.8 ionic > 1.8 Li2O

Boiling/Melting points