Power Engineering and Machinery Essential

Internal Combustion Engines

Su Qingyun qingyun@dlut.edu.cn
Tang YunBang

and

tybang@dl.cn 2007.9.5
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A good beginning is half done

Do it now

Course introduction
Limited selective course Duration of the course32 hours Final examinationpen exam Contents and course structureThe course is divided into two terms: In the first term, students may learn some introductive materials about thermal and power engineering, including internal combustion engine, turbo-machinery, thermal engineering and refrigeration & low temperature engineering .
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Course introduction (continued)

Internal combustion engine-working principle of ICE and Functions of main components Turbo-machinery-the fundamental knowledge of steam turbine, compressor and gas turbine. (Professor Wang) Thermal engineering-fossil fuel power plants and atomic fuel power plants (Professor Shen) Refrigeration & low temperature engineering basic vapor-compression refrigeration cycle and absorption system. (Dr. Zuo) In the second term, students will learn some specific basic knowledge in their major fields.
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Course introduction (continued)

The course is designed so that you will know all the aspects about thermal and power engineering rather than to limit your knowledge to only one specific area. The four parts of the course are equally important. The scores for the final examination is evenly divided between the four parts. So you must study every part very carefully. Basic requirements
Attending the class Taking note Mutual communication, seminar (discussion)
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Internal combustion engine

Reference book:
1. Teaching materials 2. English reading course for specialty of automobile 3. Power Joseph. Duffy

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this part, you should be able to do the following: Grasp the definition of the basic terms of ICE. Explain the principles of a combustion engine. Explain the process of an engine cycle. State the classifications of engines. Discuss the construction of an engine. List the auxiliary assemblies of an engine.
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Internal combustion engine

Main contents:
1. The introduction of I.C.E (Chapter 1)
(I.C.E and E.C.E, early development)

2. The working principle of I.C.E (Chapter 1)

(4-cycle and 2-cycle engine, comparison)

3. Reciprocating engine design (Chapter 2)

(classification and main components )
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Chapter 1 internal combustion engine

1.1 combustion engines

1. Combustion engine is a machine that converts heat energy into mechanical energy.
Internal combustion engine External combustion engine
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2. Definition of I.C.E and E.C.E

I.C.E (internal combustion engine) -----is any engine that operates by burning its fuel inside the engine. E.C.E (external combustion engine) -----is any engine that operates by burning its fuel outside the engine.
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3.simple external and internal combustion engine

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 External combustion engine Fuel (chemical energy) burning-heat energy-outside of boiler-water-steamforce the piston to move (mechanical energy). Internal combustion engine Fuel (chemical energy) burning-heat energy-inside of cylinder-expanding gases-force the piston to move (mechanical energy).
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4.Three elements which all ICEs rely on:

Fuel: contains potential energy for operating the engine. Air :contains oxygen necessary for combustion. Ignition: it can start the combustion.
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1.2 I.C.E versus E.C.E

(1) Similarity: both are heat engines. energy transforms in the same way -reciprocating motion to rotary motion (2) Differences: the fuel burns in different place the combustion rate
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1.3 Early development

(1) The first reciprocating I.C.E a. in 1680, the first reciprocating I.C.E. was
made by Christian Huygens, a Dutch scientist. b. gunpowder explosion -----piston move upward-----gases were cooled----piston move downward c. provided inventors with a fundamental idea

(2) Static spark ignition

a. In 1799, Philip Lebon patented the first successful gas engine. b. air and fuel -ignited by an electric spark----push the piston move back and forth c. static electricity is unreliable and much depended on atmospheric condition.

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(3) Gas flame ignition In 1823, Samuel Brown invented a gas engine. the mixture is ignited by a constantly lighted gas flame which situated outside of the cylinder. (4) Separate compression pump In 1838, William Barnet patented a gas engine, which compressed the gas and air mixture with a separate pump. (5) First practical engine In 1860, Pierre Lenoir constructed the first practical gas engine. The mixture is drawn into the cylinder and is ignited by electric spark from an induction coil.
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(6) Four cycles

In 1862, Beau Derochas described the principle of four cycles. It is the foundation of the modem internal reciprocating engine. a. Suction of gas and mixture b. Compression of mixture c. Ignition and expansion of mixture d. Exhaust of burned gases

(7) Otto engine

In 1876, Otto designed the engine with higher efficiency based on this four cycles principle.
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(8) Gasoline engine

In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler patented the first gasoline engine. This engine worked on the fourcycle principle and the gasoline was vaporized with the carburetor.

(9) Diesel engine

In 1892, Rudolph Diesel patented the new compression ignition engine. This engine employed compression high enough to ignite the mixture of oil and air. Today diesel engine is named in honor of Mr. Diesel.
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1.4 Development of power

1.How does the power of an ICE produce ? It comes from the burning of a mixture of fuel and air in a small, enclosed space. fuel-burn-gas expanding-piston movescranking the engine-wheel-vehicle 2. How does the power transmit to the wheel?

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Cylinder, piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft for a one-cylinder engine.

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 The cylinder is closed at one end by the cylinder head. Inside the cylinder is the piston, a movable metal plug that fits snugly into the cylinder, but can still slide up and down easily. This up-and-down movement, produced by the burning of fuel in the cylinder, results in the production of power from the engine.
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 The crankshaft is a shaft with an offset portion-the crank that describes a circle as the shaft rotates. The top end of the connecting rod connects to the piston and must therefore go up and down. Since the lower end of the connecting rod attaches to the crankshaft, it moves in a circle; however it also moves up and down.
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 When the piston of the engine slides downward : The upper end of the connecting rod moves downward with the piston in a straight line. The lower end of the connecting rod moves down and in a circular motion at the same time. This moves the crank; in turn, the crank rotates the shaft. Drive the wheel to rotate.
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