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preliminary substitute for a kerosene lamp with much better distribution of illuminance across the room.
Figure1D: Illuminance (lux) distribution-daylight 900 800 700 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
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penetrated into the Indian market in the form of portable lamps and table lamps in electrified houses. The zero watt incandescent lamp has already been phased out by LEDs. There is a very high potential for 5-10 W LED lamps in electrified Indian households. Because of their portability they can be moved to locations of interest.
for duplex (two way) communication between the various entities like generators, end users and grid managers. The benefits of a smart grid are that because of the source-load communication energy is intelligently generated distributed and used. The smart grid aims at minimization of the usual sourceload (generator-end user) mismatch such as peaks and uneven behaviour of the load curve, manages end use requirement through demand side management (DSM) techniques and injects renewable energy components.
Self healing ability- auto reclosure, network re-configuration, renewable switching to restore power disruption under fault conditions. High level of involvement of end users in the grid operations. Presently, end users are ignorant of the load curve and the grid demand-supply dynamics. Involvement of end users through knowledge based planning of activities involving energy load would help to manage and smoothen the demand. Strengthening the security aspects of the grid through protection from cyber and physical attempts to disrupt the grid operations.
Some of the requirements of a smart grid are as follows: Improvement of power quality (frequency, voltage, power factor, harmonics) and reliability of supply to much higher levels. Operation under multi-source, multivoltage level injection (33 kV, 11kV, 0.415 V), bi-directional flow of power in the 11 kV and 0.415 kV system; and absorption of excess power generated by end users through their captive renewables.
The LED technology is naturally suited for smart grid environment because:
It is a solid state digitally controllable technology unlike incandescent, fluorescent and ballasted technologies which need additional controller. The drivers are already a part off the LED system. It can be seamlessly integrated into the smart grid structure because of programmable and intelligence features of LED drivers.
The LED technology is naturally suited for smart grid environment because:
efficiency and reliability. It is an ideal end use device in the lighting sector where the light peak in India is around 30 GW and the lighting energy consumption is nearly 18 % of the total energy generated. It is a good technology for DSM.
The integration of LEDs into smart grid structures enters through the following ways:
DSM measure to reduce the grid peak during the evenings as LEDs have lower power ratings than other lighting systems. LED technology enables demand modulation and enables demand response to change in load patterns in the grid. Renewable energy integration with solar PV. Solar PV LED are naturally compatible technology.
The integration of LEDs into smart grid structures enters through the following ways:
LED being a solid state device is easily controllable via the driver for illumination intensity, on/off operations and colour rendering. The light output itself is now being explored as a possible communication medium between the end use equipment and electrical source.
IN NEAR FUTURE
non solar lantern sectors. The digitally controlled LED market is the next largest upcoming market after the lantern segment. The sale of CFL (2010) are around 100 million pieces/year and GSLs (incandescent lamps) are around 600 million pieces/year. The LED replacements for GSLS and CFLs is going to increase in the near future. The present scale of LEDs is around 2 million pieces/year. 90 % of the LEDs are sold in the lantern sector and balance in the street lighting sector.
R&D
The R & D in India is on new O-LEDs and polymeric
LEDs at National Institutes (like IISc) and national Laboratories (like CSIR). The R & D investment in India is around Rs. 30-40 crores. The R & D investment of Japanese is around Rs. 5,000 crores by Nichia alone. R & D investment in drivers and balance of systems by few Indian players is around 5 % of the turnover. For development of reliable efficient product R & D investment is required by every Indian LED vendor. An investment of 4 % of the turnover is rather average, 6 % is good while 8-10 % is considered exceptionally good.
CONCLUSIONS
The market for LED lighting technology
in India has three segments- kerosene lamp replacement, portable LEDs in electrified areas and controllable LEDs through integration into smart grid structures. The kersosene lamps in the rural sector can be replaced by solar PV-LED of 5 W. Possible 10 W and 20 W capacity can be considered for future.
CONCLUSIONS
Portable LED lanterns chargeable through solar as well as grid power for localized lighting, table lamps, portable lamps, etc. is a major market in India. This is a popular technology and is likely to penetrate higher with reduction in costs of reliable systems. Integration of LED lighting systems into street lighting systems and building lighting systems with intelligence and controllable features, has a fair share of potential as a substitute for fluorescent and ballasted technology.
CONCLUSIONS
The LED sector is poised for an increase in its market share from 3 % to 5-6 % in near future. Besides, a general growth of 11 % is already assured. Thus the composite growth rate of LED technology may be around 20-30 % compared to the present sale. One of the main deterrents to penetration of LED technology is high capital cost. The cost of the bare LED is over 50 % of the system cost. Significant cost reduction is expected in LED costs following the present trends and factors like indigenous manufacturing capability, volumes as well as the innovative manufacturing processes.