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i
- impact factor;
f
partial safety factor for vertical crane actions;
Q
max
characteristic vertical wheel reaction from the hook load;
G
k
sum of the weight of the crane, rails and others
k f 1 max f 2
G Q +
( )
k f max f 4
G Q +
Maximum vertical loads
Permanent loads:
- weight of the trolley (carriage) and the lifted load ;
- weight of the crane bridge;
- self-weight of the crane girder and rails;
- weight of the horizontal girder if this exists;
Live load on the platform if there is the case, Q
k,i
.
Maximum horizontal loads
Transverse surge from the crab ( the load is taken as 10% of the
combined weight of the crab and the lifted load);
Longitudinal surge load from the crane (5% of the static vertical
reactions, i.e. from the weight of the crab, crane bridge and lifted
load;
Skew loads due to travelling; if the crane is class S
1
or S
2
, then these
forces would not need to be considered.
Horizontal loads need not to be combined together.
Forces from the point loads acting on
the runway girder:
1- vertical actions on the wheels of the
crane; 2- horizontal longitudinal actions
from crane surge; 3- horizontal
transversal actions from crab surge; 4-
effect of skewing of the crane; 5- crab
Combination of the vertical and horizontal loads in U.L.S.
Considering the recommendations for grouping the vertical with the horizontal loads, the following combinations
are:
Dead loads (permanent) + live loads (accompanying variable) + vertical point loads from reactions on the
wheels (basic variable);
Dead loads (permanent) + live loads (accompanying variable) + horizontal point loads from: crane surge or crab
surge or skew driving effects (as basic variables);
Dead loads (permanent) + live loads (accompanying variable) + vertical point loads from reactions on the
wheels (basic variable) + horizontal point loads from: crane surge or crab surge or skew driving effects
(accompanying variable).
Determination of the relevant internal forces and moments in the runway girder
The concentrated forces being mobile influence lines will be used to determine the maximum bending moments,
shear forces and reactions on the supports.
During the process of determination of the position of the convoy of mobile forces that will lead to the maximum
bending moments some forces may remain outside the girder length. The factors that influence these situations
are mainly the wheel spacing, a, and the width of the end carriage, a
w.
Design verifications of the crane girder
Limit state of strength and stability:
Lateral-torsional buckling
Horizontal moment capacity
Combined vertical and horizontal moments
Web shear at supports
Local compression under wheels
Web bearing and buckling under the wheel and under the supports
Determination of maximum internal efforts and bending moments in
the simple supported girders:
a) the translation of the convoy of mobile forces along the girder for
the position of maximum moment;
b) b)- influence lines for bending moments and shear forces (in case
of three mobile forces on the girder).
Verifications in S.L.S.
Vertical deflection of a crane girder under static vertical wheel loads
Horizontal deflection under the transversal loads
600
L
lim , v
= o
500
L
lim , h
= o
Fatigue verification is run according to EN 1993-1-9
The effects of the actions from cranes on the girders
I. Biaxial bending produced by the vertical and longitudinal transversal actions;
II. Axial compression or tension produced by the horizontal longitudinal actions;
III. Torsion produced by horizontal transversal forces eccentrically applied with respect to the shear center
of the cross section of the girder;
IV. Horizontal and vertical shear forces, produced by the corresponding actions;
V. Local stresses produced by the weighing forces, statically applied from the wheels on the top of the
rail.
Local stresses in the web of the crane girder produced by vertical loads on the
wheel at the top flange
Local compression stresses, o
0z,Ed
w
t
eff
l
Ed , z
F
Ed , oz
= o
Extending the length of distribution of the local stresses on the depth of the crane girder
Case Description
Effective length of
distribution l
eff
1 The rail is fully restrained to the top flange
2 The rail is partially restrained to the top
flange
3 The rail is placed on a flexible neoprene pad
of >6mm thickness
I
f,eff
moment of inertia of the flange of the crane girder with effective width b
eff
with respect to its horizontal neutral axis;
I
r
moment of inertia of the rail with respect to its horizontal neutral axis;
I
rf
moment of inertia of the cross section obtained from the flange of the crane
girder with effective width b
eff
and the rail with respect to its horizontal neutral
axis;
t
w
thickness of the web
but
Where: b total width of the top flange of the crane girder;
b
fr
width of the rail, see fig. 2;
h
r
height of the rail, see fig. 1;
t
f
thickness of the flange of the beam.
Note: the wear of the rail must be considered
| |
3
1
w r eff
t I 25 . 3 l =
( ) | |
3
1
w eff , f r eff
t I I 25 . 3 l + =
( ) | |
3
1
w eff , f r eff
t I I 25 . 4 l + =
f r fr eff
t h b b + + = b b
eff
s
Local shear stresses,t
0xz,Ed
Local and global shear stresses produced by the vertical forces
transferred from the wheel to the crane girder: 1- global shear
stresses; 2-local shear stresses; 3- position of the load on the wheel
Local stresses of bending produced by the eccentricity of application of the loads
on the wheel, o
T,Ed
( ) q q o tanh
2
w
at
Ed
T 6
Ed , T
=
( )
( )
5 . 0
a
w
h 2 a
w
h 2 sinh
a
w
h
2
sinh
t
I
2
w
at 75 . 0
(
(
(
=
t t
t
q
y Ed , z Ed
e F T =
Torsion of the top flange of the crane girder
Strength verifications of the crane girders 0 . 1
f
3
f f f f
2
M y
Ed
M y
Ed , z
M y
Ed , x
2
M y
Ed , z
2
M y
Ed , x
0 0 0 0 0
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
o
0 . 1
M
M
M
M
N
N
Rd , z
Ed , z
Rd , y
Ed , y
Rd
Ed
s + +
Axial internal efforts
Rd , t Ed
N N s
2
M
u
f
TF , net
A 9 . 0
Rd , u
N
;
0
M
y
f
TF
A
Rd , pl
N
)
Rd , u
N ,
Rd , pl
N min(
Rd , t
N
=
=
=
Rd , c
N
Ed
N s
0
M
y
f
TF
A
Rd , pl
N
Rd , c
N
= =
Shear resistance of the top flange Rd , c
V
Ed
V s
0
M
3
y
f
TF
A
Rd , pl
V
Rd , y
V
= =
Shear resistance of the web in elastic or plastic; buckling in shear of the web
1
0
M
3
y
f
Ed
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
q
c
72
t
h
w
w
>
( )
Rd , pl
M y
Ed , t
Rd , T , pl
V
/ 3 f 25 . 1
1 V
0
=
t
0 . 1
V
V
Rd , T , pl
Ed
s