HARVARD CITATION SYSTEM

By: Kirti prakash 12609140 R2

Demystifying citation
Session Objectives: What is a reference or citation? Examples of citations What is a citation or reference style? The Harvard Referencing style Avoiding plagiarism Where to get more information about citing and referencing

What is a reference or citation?

A way of giving credit for someone's thinking, writing or research You mark the material when you use it (a citation) and give the full identification at the end (a reference) In academic writing you are obliged to attribute every piece of material you use to its author

Why cite or reference?

Credit sources of information & ideas Reader can locate for further information if required Validate arguments Increase and spread knowledge Show depth, breadth & quality of your reading!

When to cite?
Direct

quotes Statistics/Studies Theories Facts Interpretations Paraphrases

TYPES of Referencing
There are a few main types of referencing: Harvard (mostly used by Social Sciences, Business, Engineering and Science), Oxford and Cambridge (mostly used in Law subjects and occasionally referred to as 'footnoting') and APA (American Psychological Association (Psychology and some Health Science areas) but there are also others.
IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS Harvard system APA system (American Psychological Association system) MLA system (Modern Language Association) Humanities

NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING SYSTEMS

Oxford system
Vancouver system Cambridge reference

In the Harvard system, the author's surname and year of publication are cited in the text of your work. The full details of the book are included in a reference list at the end of the assignment.
In-text citation "An effective structure is important" (Redman, 2006, p.22)

Reference list Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed. London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.

The Harvard Referencing style

The most commonly used system in College Also known as the author date system There are very specific rules for textual citations There are very specific rules for listing your references at the end of your essay

1. IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS Harvard system

In text reference Davis and McKay (1996, p.112) note that it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate. Full reference Davis, L.B. and McKay, S. 1996, Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne. MLA system

APA system
In text reference Davis and McKay (1996) note that it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate (p.112). Full reference Davis, L.B. & McKay, S. 1996, Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing, Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia.

In text reference Davis and McKay note that it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate (112). Full reference Davis, Lloyd and Susan McKay. Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing. Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia, 1996.

Harvard Referencing Citing In Text

It is the most widely used system in business disciplines It is the standard in La Trobe University Business subjects
When you are taking notes, you should record not only the main points of the authors work, but also your initial critical evaluation of the material (Davis & McKay, 1996).

In-text references for a paraphrase* require:

1. Authors Surname (s) 2. A comma 3. Year of Publication

No author? Use the the name of the Institution eg: La Trobe University * PARAPHRASE is when you re-word the writers words (same idea but different words)

Harvard Referencing
In-text references for a paraphrase where you mention the writers name: Year of Publication When doing in-text references for a QUOTE add the page numbers. For web references (no pages) use Section Title (if possible) and paragraph number eg: para 12
Davis & McKay, (1996, p. 6) state that note taking is a key part of lectures. Davis and McKay (1996) explain that..

There is strong evidence that note taking is a key part of lectures (Davis & McKay, 1996, p. 6)

REQUIREMENTS
BOOKS

The authors or editors name (or names) The year the book was published The title of the book If it is an edition other than the first The city the book was published in The name of the publisher

REQUIREMENTS
JOURNALS

The authors name or names The year in which the journal was published The title of the article The title of the journal The page number/s of the article in the journal As much other information as you can find about the journal, for example the volume and issue numbers

REQUIREMENTS
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES

The date you accessed the source The electronic address or email The type of electronic resource (email, discussion forum, WWW page, etc)