Honors Physics Vectors

Chapter Problems All problems prior to Mixed review Vector addition graphically A vector can be represented by an arrow tipped line segment

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Vectors...

There are two common ways of indicating that something is a vector quantity: Boldface notation: A
A= A

Arrow notation: A

Hat Notation

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Vectors...

The components of r are its (x,y,z) coordinates. r = (rx ,ry ,rz ) = (x,y,z) Consider this in 2-D (since its easier to draw): rx = x = r cos f where r = |r | ry = y = r sin f y r f x (x,y) f = arctan( y / x )

NOTE: The book uses q instead of f. No big deal.

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Vectors...

The magnitude (length) of r is found using Pythagoras theorem: r y

r = r = x2 y2
x

The length of a vector clearly does not depend on its direction.

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Angle Determination using the UNIT Circle

90 degrees

Resultant Vector C

180 degrees

Q = 30 degrees

0 degrees

270 degrees
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Angle Determination using the UNIT Circle

90 degrees

180 degrees
q= 200 degrees

q= -160 degrees

0 degrees

Resultant Vector C 270 degrees

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See text: 3-2 and 3-3

Vector addition:

Consider the vectors A and B. Find A + B.

B B

C=A+B B
Vectors can be added by placing the head of one vector at the head of another vector When adding two or more vectors, neither the length or the direction is changed The sum of the vectors is found by drawing a RESULTANT vector from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last (beginning to end) We can arrange the vectors as we want, as long as we maintain their length and direction !!
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Addition of several vectors

Two students are pulling concurrently (same place, same time)5 N , 0 degrees and 7 N, 270 degrees on a 20kg oscilloscope (assume a frictionless surface) a) determine the direction of motion b) determine the net force and acceleration of the scope

5 N 0 degrees

7 N 270 degrees
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Addition of several vectors

5 N 0 degrees

Add vectors head to tail and draw resultant 7 N 270 degrees With recognition that a right angle exists, the Pythagorean theorem and SOHCAHTOA can be used
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Addition of several vectors

5N,0 deg
q

7N 270 deg

r = r = 52 7 2 = 8.6

tan q = 7/5
q = 54.5 degrees but using

NOTE:

unit circle as a reference the correct angle which describes the true direction of the resultant should be either 305.5 or -54.5 degrees
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Addition of several vectors

Two students are pulling concurrently (same place, same time)5 N , 0 degrees and 7 N, 270 degrees on a 20kg oscilloscope (assume a frictionless surface) a) determine the direction of motion b) determine the net force and acceleration of the scope

5 N 0 degrees

7 N 270 degrees

Resultant: NET FORCE: 8.6N,305.5 degrees

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Addition of several vectors

The direction of the acceleration will be in the same direction of the NET FORCE b) determine the net force and acceleration of the scope a=F(net)/m = 8.6N/20kg = .43 m/s2 ,305.5 degrees

5 N 0 degrees

7 N 270 degrees

Resultant: NET FORCE: 8.6N,305.5 degrees

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Addition of several vectors

What if the angle between the vectors is not 90 degrees?
Vector resolution and components verses trig laws of cosines and sines Two students are pulling concurrently (same place, same time)5 N , 10 degrees and 7 N, 300 degrees on a 20kg oscilloscope such that it accelerates at .3 m/s2 a) determine the direction of motion b) determine the net force and coefficient of friction between the scope and the floor

5 N 10 degrees

7 N 300 degrees
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Vector addition using components:

Consider C = A + B. (a) C = (Ax i + Ay j ) + (Bx i + By j ) = (Ax + Bx )i + (Ay + By )j (b) C = (Cx i + Cy j ) Comparing components of (a) and (b): Cx = Ax + Bx Cy = Ay + By

By

A Ay Bx Ax

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See text: 6-4

Frictionless Inclined plane

Vector view of

FTOT = ma ma

perpendicular

N q mg q

parallel

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See text: 6-4

Inclined Plane without Friction:

Draw free-body diagram:

ma

perpendicular N q mg q parallel

See example p124.

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See text: 6-4

Inclined plane...

Consider x and y components of

FTOT = ma :

Parallel components ma mg sin q = ma a / g = sin q perpendicular N q mg q parallel mg sin q

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See text: 6-4

Inclined plane...

Consider x and y components of

FTOT = ma :

Perpendicular components ma perpen N = mg cos q

perpendicular N q mg mg cos q parallel q

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See text: 6-4

Static Friction:

So far we have considered friction acting when something moves. We also know that it acts in un-moving static systems:

In these cases, the force provided by friction will depend on the configuration of the system (i.e. angle q of the plane).

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See text: 6-4

Inclined plane...

Vector view of

FTOT = ma ma

N q mg

mK N q

ll

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See text: 6-4

Inclined Plane with Friction:

Draw free-body diagram:

mKN

ma

perpendicular N q mg q parallel

See example p124.

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See text: 6-4

Inclined plane...

Consider i and j components of

FTOT = ma : mg sin q - mKN = ma N = mg cos q

parallel mKN ma perpendicular N q mg parallel mg sin q q mg cos q perpen

mg sin q - mKmg cos q = ma

a / g = sin q - mKcos q

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See text: 6-4

Static Friction...

The force provided by friction, fF , depends on q as long as the block is static. fF ma = 0 (block is not moving)

mg sin q - ff = 0 N q mg q (Newtons 2nd law along x-axis)

See example p126: Static Friction

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See text: 6-4

Static Friction...

Definition: The maximum possible force that the friction between two objects can provide is fMAX = msN, where ms is the static coefficient of friction. We can find ms by increasing the ramp angle until the block slides: mSN

In this case:
ma = mg sin qM - mSmg cos qM = 0 N qM mg

mS = tan qM

See example p126 Static Friction

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See text: 6-4

Inclined plane...

Vector view of

FTOT = ma ma

N q mg

mK N q

ll

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See text: 6-4

Inclined Plane with Friction:

Draw free-body diagram:

mKN

ma

perpendicular N q mg q parallel

See example p124.

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See text: 6-4

Inclined plane...

Consider components of

FTOT = ma : parallel mg sin q - mKN = ma N = mg cos q

mKN ma perpendicular N q mg parallel mg sin q q mg cos q

perpen

mg sin q - mKmg cos q = ma

a / g = sin q - mKcos q

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