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How Materials Carry Load
Basic modes of loading a
material are:
Tension,
compression
and shear
Tension
Compression Shear
Definition of Stress:
Loads applied on a
material which are
distributed over a
surface.
For example, the point
load shown in the
following figure might
actually be a uniformly
distributed load that has
been replaced by its
equivalent point load.
o
P
A
Another Definition of stress
Stress is the load
applied per unit area
of the surface it is
applied on.
Normal stress
Normal stress is the stress
normal to a surface and is
denoted by the symbol
"" (sigma). In the above
figure the normal stress is
uniform over the surface
of the bar and is given
by:
Normal Stress Equation
A
P
= o
Where:
P is the normal load &
A is the area
Shear Stress
Shear stress is the
stress tangent to a
surface.
If in the following figure
the shear stress t (tau)
that results in the shear
load V is uniformly
distributed over the
surface, then the shear
stress can be calculated
by dividing the shear
force by the area it is
applied on.
Shear Stress Equation
A
V
= t
Where:
V is the shear load &
A is the area
V
A
t
Units of Stresses
The units of stress are
the units of load
divided by the units of
area.
In the SI system the unit
of stress is "Pa"
and in the U.S. system it is
"Psi".
Pa and Psi are related to
the basic units through
following relations:
Pa & Psi Equations
Ksi Psi
in
lb
Psi
MPa Pa
m
N
Pa
1 10
1
1
1
1 10
1
1
1
3
2
6
2
= =
= =
Pressure gauge (Same units as stress)
Conversion
1 Pa = 145.0410
6
psi
Basic modes of deformation
Basic modes of deformation of a material
are:
Extension,
Contraction &
shearing
Material element can be
extended, compressed, or
sheared. The following
figure shows how the
square section to the left
changes its shape during
extension, contraction and
shearing.
Extension
Contraction Shearing
Definition of Strain:
Strain is the way
engineers represent
the distortion of a
body.
Another definition
strain is the
geometrical expression
of deformation caused
by the action of stress
on a physical body.
Axial strain
Axial strain (normal
strain) in a bar is a
measure of the
extension of a bar per
unit length of the bar
before deformation.
The following figure
shows a bar of initial
length lo that is
extended by the
application of a load
to the length l.
Representation of strain
l
o
l
Axial Strain
The axial strain, denoted by
c (epsilon), in a
homogeneously deforming
bar is calculated by dividing
the amount the bar extends
by its initial length.
Strain Equation
This yield the equation:
l
l l
= c
Positive and negative strains
A positive axial strain
represents extension and
a negative axial strain
represents a contraction.
Strain has no units since it
is one length divided by
another length.
Shear Strain
Shear strain, denoted by
(gamma), is a measure of how
the angle between orthogonal
lines drawn on an un-deformed
body changes with deformation.
In the following figure the
square has been sheared into a
parallelogram.
Shear Strain