Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr Hani Obeid
Assoc. Prof. EE, SMIEEE
COURSE CONTENT
Cost of direct fire losses. Cost of indirect fire losses. Fire death. Cost of fire fighting organization. Cost of fire insurance administration. Cost of fire protection to building
Include direct losses of 11/9 of $ 33.4 b. Include explosion losses following fire, but exclude explosion loss Where no fire occurs (act of terrorism).
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Estimated cost of building fire protection to total national Cost of building & construction.
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RECOGNETION
Individuals perceives cues (often ambiguous Ones) that indirect a threatening fire.
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VALIDATION
Determine seriousness of threat cues, Often by asking others for validating information.
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Definition
Definition consists of trying to define how much smoke one smells, etc. and relating threat to own situation.
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EVALAUTION
Decide whether to use fight or flight reaction to reduce danger. Happen very quickly and under great stress; Strongly influenced by action of others. * When & when not to use portable fire extinguishers.
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COMMITTMENT
Consists of acting on decision made during evacuation. Importance of fire escape plans.
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REASSESSMENT
Reassessment involves more intense effort into reaction, decisions become less rational.
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CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
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CLASS A
Ordinary combustibles or fibrous materials, Such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber and Some plastic.
CLASS B
Flammable or combustible liquids such as Gasoline, kerosene, paint thinners and propane.
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CLASS C
Energized electrical equipment, such as appliances, Switches, panel boxes and power tools.
CLASS D
Certain combustible metals, such as, magnesium, Titanium, potassium and sodium. These metals Burn at high temperatures and give off sufficient Oxygen to support combustion. They may react Violently with water or other chemicals, and must Be handled with care. 26
WHAT IS FIRE
Fire is the result of a rapid combustion Reaction which produces heat and light. Combustion = chemical process. Fire = result of that process.
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FIRE DYNAMICS
FIRE GROWTH
FLASHOVER
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IGNITION
Ignition is an exothermic reaction between two or more materials that results in fire, also generates heat.
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IGNITION
OXYGEN
HEAT
FUEL
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Temperature
HEAT TRANSFER
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Factors that affect the process: Orientation of fuel Location of fire in a room Geometry of room
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STAGES OF FIRE
A fire will have 3 separate phases when confined Within an enclosed space: 1. Incipient phase 2. Steady burning phase 3. Hot-soldering phase
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INCIPIENT PHASE
It is a first phase of a fire beginning with actual ignition. The fuel is limited to the original materials that were ignited. The temperature of the room has risen slightly and the oxygen content has not decreased.
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ROLLOVER
Rollover takes place when the unburned flammable gases released during the incipient phase accumulate at ceiling level and spreads into adjacent open areas where they mix with fresh oxygen. When the ignition temperature is increased, the gases ignite and expand very rapidly across the ceiling. At this point only gases are burning.
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The steady burning phase, sometimes called the free burning phase, is where sufficient oxygen and fuel are available for fire growth and open burning to a point where total involvement of the structures possible. At this point, temperatures of over 1200 degrees Fahrenheit can be reached and the oxygen supply can be greatly diminished. With the temperature being this high, one breath of the superheated air can sear the lungs.
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FLASHOVER
A flashover occurs when flames flash over the entire surface area of a room. As the fire continues to burn, all contents of the fire area gradually heated to their ignition temperatures. When they reach their ignition point, simultaneous ignition occurs, and the area becomes fully involved by fire. This ignition is almost instantaneous and can be quite dramatic.
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13000 F.
Room fills with flames.
HOT-SMOLDERING PHASE
If the area of the fire is sufficiently air-tight, the steady burning phase will deplete the oxygen to the point where the flames will go out and fire is reduced to burning embers. As the flames die down, the room fills with dense smoke and unburned flammable gases. At this point, the temperature now exceeds 10000 F and oxygen supply is below 15%.
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BACKDRAFT
The introduction of oxygen to the smoldering phase of a fire can cause a backdraft. Since the temperature is still past the ignition point and flammable gases are still present, the only component keeping the fire from burning is sufficient oxygen. When oxygen is made rapidly available by improper ventilation (opening a door or window) the stalled burning of the fire will resume with devastating force and speed, qualifying as an explosion.
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Temperature Heat flux Smoke obscuration Oxygen depletion Exposure to fire gases
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TEMPERATURE
Effects vary with: Length of time Relative humidity Breathability of clothing Death from hypothermia occurs at temperatures Greater than 2120 F
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HEAT FLUX
How much heat for how long is required to make a burn. Maximum amount of heat flux is 2.5 kw/m2. The higher the temperature, the more quickly heat burn injury will occur.
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SMOKE OBSCURATION
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OXYGEN DEPLETION
Normal air contains 21% oxygen. @ 12%, vomiting & paralysis can be experienced within 30 minutes. @ 9%, loss of consciousness can occur in 5 minutes. @ 6%, death occur in 1-2 minutes.
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Carbon monoxide poising alone causes half of all fire deaths. Prevents oxygen from going to red blood cells. Symptoms range from headache to convulsions to death.
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To provide for the safety of occupants in building, and to make provision for their evacuation or refuge during a fire or other emergency. To provide for the safety of fire fighters fighting a fire. To provide for the safety of adjoining property and to prevent the spread of fire. To provide for the preservation of the property itself.
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NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code. NFPA 1221 Standard on the Installation, Maintenance and Use of Public Fire Service Communications Systems. .2004
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Combined standards: BS EN 54-1:1996 Fire Detection & Fire Alarm. International Standards: IEC 60331 (1970-01) Fire resisting characteristics Of electric cables Performance requirements, Sample and test conditions, source of heat and Test procedures.
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BRITISH STANDARDS
BS 5446: Part 1:1990 Components of automatic fire alarm systems for residential premises. BS 4422:Part 3:1990 Glossary of terms associated with fire detection and alarm. BS 7671:1992 Requirements for electrical installations. IEE Wiring Regulations. 16Th Edition.
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BS 7807:1995 Code of practice for design, Installation and servicing of integrated systems Incorporating fire detection and alarm systems And/or other security systems for buildings Other than dwellings. BS 5839: Part 1:1988 Fire detection and alarm Systems for buildings. Code of practice for System design, installation and servicing.
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BS 5839: Part 2:1983 Fire detection alarm Systems for buildings. Specification for manual Call points. BS 5839: Part 3:1988 Fire detection and alarm Systems for buildings. Specification for automatic Release mechanisms for certain fire protection Equipment.
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BS 5839: Part 4:1988 Fire detection and alarm Systems for buildings. Specification for control And indicating equipment. BS 5839: Part 5:1988 Fire detection and alarm Systems for buildings. Specification for optical Beam smoke detectors requirements. BS 5839: Part 6:1995 Fire detection and alarm Systems for buildings. Code of practice for the Design and installation of fire detection and Alarm systems in dwellings.
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BS 5839-8:1998 Fire detection and alarm Systems for buildings. Code of practice for The design, installation and servicing of Voice alarm systems.
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Fire precautions in the Workplace Regulations 1997 Covers area where anyone is employed. Any site with 5 persons or more employees Must keep a formal record of Fire Risk Assessement.
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Site specific installations: Mines Sports ground Subsurface rail way stations
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The Health & Safety (Safety Signs & signals) Regulations 1996.
Adequate provisions of signs, protected by Emergency lighting signs should be located At all final exits and also on the escape Routes at any locations where the route May be in doubt.
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DEFINITIONS
of a piping or tubing distribution network from the detector to the area(s) to be protected. An aspiration fan in the detector housing draws air from the protected area back to the detector through air sampling ports, piping, or tubing. At the detector, air is analyzed for fire products.
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DEFINITIONS
initiating devices, control units, and indicating appliances designed and installed to produce an alarm signal in the event of fire. ALARM SIGNAL. A signal indicating an emergency requiring immediate action, such as a signal indicative of fire. ANNUNCIATOR. A unit containing one or more indicator lamps, alphanumeric displays, or other equivalent means in which each indication provides status information about a circuit, condition, or location.
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DEFINITIONS
made by one or more audible notification appliances such as bells, horns, or speakers in response to the operation of an initiating device.
AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM SYSTEM. A system in HEAT DETECTOR. A fire detector that senses heat
which all or some of the initiating device circuits are activated by automatic devices, such as fire detectors.
produced by burning substances. Heat is the energy produced by combustion that causes substances to rise in temperature.
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DEFINITIONS
SMOKE DETECTOR. A device that detects visible or invisible particles of combustion. BELL. A single stroke or vibrating type audible
notification appliance which has a bell tone.
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DEFINITIONS
arrangement of circuitry using computer circuit techniques usually consisting of memory elements, signal processing circuitry, and a means to input and output data at very high speed. CLASS A CIRCUIT. Class A refers to an arrangement of monitored initiating device, signaling line, or notification appliance circuits, that prevents a single open or ground fault on the installation wiring of these circuits from causing loss of systems intended function .
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DEFINITIONS
of monitored initiating device, signaling line, or notification appliance circuits, which would permit a single open or ground on the installation wiring of these circuits to cause loss of the systems intended function.
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DEFINITIONS
EMERGENCY VOICE/ALARM COMMUNICATIONS. Dedicated manual or automatic facilities for originating and distributing voice instructions, as well as alert and evacuation signals pertaining to a fire emergency, to the occupants of ma building. EVACUATION. The withdrawal of occupants from a building. INITIATING DEVICE. A system component that originates transmission of a change of state condition, such as a smoke detector, manual fire alarm box, or supervisory switch.
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DEFINITIONS
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