Dwi Candra Pratiwi, S.Pi, M.

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8 Classes of Phylum Mollusca

Monoplacophora (mainly fossil)
Rostroconchia (fossil only)
Gastropoda 3 Subclass: Prosobranchia Opisthobranchia Pulmonata Bivalvia/Pelecypoda 3 Subclass: Protobranchia Lamellibranchia Septibranchia Cephalopoda 3 Subclass: Nautiloidea Ammonoidea (fossil only) Coleoidea

Aplacophora (cacing laut) 2 Subclass: Neomeniomorpha Chaetodermomorpha Polyplacophora

Scaphopoda

Includes animals such as squids, snails, oysters, clams and slugs. Most are marine, but many are freshwater and some live on the land

 Despite the diversity of form and function among the mollusca, all members of this group have the same basic body plan. This is often indicated by presenting a hypothetical ancestral Molusca (HAM] HAM is hypothetical primitive ancestor that has characteristics that appear among most members of the mollusca

The foot - a broad, flat muscular organ that is adapted for locomotion and attachment The visceral mass - contains the internal organs The mantle - a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass; space between the mantle and the visceral mass is called the mantle cavity

Wide variety of forms but all built around the same basic plan: foot, shell, gut, gill, mantle cavity.

Characteristic
Characteristic
Radula

Aplacophora
Absent in 20% of Neomeniomorpha Reduced or absent

Polyplacophora
Yes

Monoplacophora
Yes

Gastropoda
Yes

Cephalopoda
Yes

Bivalvia

Scaphopoda
Internal, cannot extend beyond body Small, only at front end Yes

No

Broad, muscular foot Visceral mass

Yes

Yes

Yes

Modified into arms

Yes

Not obvious

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Large digestive (ceca) Large complex metanephridia (kidney)

No ceca in some Aplacophora None

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Small, simple

-> The mantle is responsible for secreting the shell.

->The shell is comprised of three layers: 1. The outside of the shell is covered by an organic layer - periostracum (conchiolin) 2. The middle prismatic layer is characterized by densely packed prisms of calcium carbonate 3. The inner nacreous layer is composed of calcium carbonate sheets laid down over a thin layer of protein (shiny layer)

Wide variety of shapes : Reduced shells (sea hares, squid pen, cuttle bone). Lost shells (octopus, nudibranchs)

Molusca shells

Upper :Sea hares have reduced shell Bottom : Sea slug have no shell

Body wall and mantle

Outward growth produces a mantle cavity which houses gills (ctenidia), anus, sense organs (osphradia) and openings to kidneys and reproductive tract. Water flows through mantle cavity driven by cilia. In cavity ---> over gills ---> over nephridiopores and anus ---> out.

Continue Body wall and mantle

THE FOOT
Consists of a muscular foot, which has adapted to different purposes in different classes. In gastropods, it secretes mucus as a lubricant to aid movement. In bivalves, the foot is adapted for burrowing into the sediment; In cephalopods it is used for jet propulsion, and the tentacles and arms are derived from the foot.

Continue THE FOOT

In forms that have only a top shell, such as limpets, the foot acts as a sucker attaching the animal to a hard surface, and the vertical muscles clamp the shell down over it;
in other mollusk, the vertical muscles pull the foot and other exposed soft parts into the shell

 Some swim, some mobile, some sedentary

Some gastropod glide upon cilia

Burrowing Twist or jump for some bivalves Buoyancy floating and jet propulsion for

cephalopod Crawling for octopus Bore into hard substrates

Gastropods and polyplacophorans (Crawling)

Direct and indirect waves. Mucus alternately acts as a glue and allows sliding. Some gastropods use cilia (moon snails).

Bivalves : Burrowing

Byssal threads

Byssal threads

Cephalopods
Radial and circular muscles. Contraction of circular muscles forces water out siphon or funnel for swimming. Crawling along substratum

Mollusc acts as : Herbivora, carnivora, parasit, scavenger, cilliary feeder.

Feeding system
The ancestral mollusk was a microphagous herbivore that fed on algae diatoms growing on rocks in tidal pools and shallow water. Radula apparatus have a very important role on feeding and digestive system.
The radula apparatus contains ofan elongated cartilaginous base, the odontophore.

 The radula function as a scraper (mencakar) The odontophore function is extended from the mouth against the substratum and then retracted. Since the radula teeth recurve posteriorly, the effective scraping stroke is forward when the odontophore is retracted (dicabut). In this way, algae and other particles are scraped away from the surface of the rock.

Mollucas's Buccal cavity

 Food in mucous string passes from the buccal cavity in to a tubular esophagus from which it is moved posteriorly toward the stomach a long a ciliated tract. The stomach is shaped like an ice cream cone, with esophagus opens, and a tapered (lonjong) posterior which leads into inestine. The posterior conical region of the stomach, called the style sac.

Bucal cavity

 The acidity of the stomach fluid (pH of 5 to 6 in living mollusks) decrease the viscosity of the mucus and aids in freeing the contained particles.(mengurai partikel makanan). Lighter and finer particles are driven by the cilia of the ridges to the duct openings of the two digestive gland. Heavier and larger particles are carried in the grooves between the ridges to the large groove running a long the floor of the stomach to the intestine.

 Particles utilized as food pass into the ducts of the digestive glands. In many living mollusks digestion occurs in part intracellularly within the cells of the distal tubules and in part extracellularly in the stomach. In the ancestral mollusks digestion was largely intracellular.

Most have kidneys (metanephridia) Tubules connecting pericardial cavity (coelom) and nephridiopore

Nervous system
Well developed nervous system (focus on cephalopods)

Brain with lobes. Large nerve to all parts of body. Large optic nerves. Memory in octopus.

Sense organs
Osphradia in mantle cavity for chemosensory and sediment Tentacles and rhinophores for chemosensory.

Optic tentacles and simple eyes.

Cephalopods have highly developed eyes. Distinct images and possibly color.

Color change in cephalopods using chromatophores. Cells that contain pigments and are under neuronal and hormonal control.

Usually internal fertilization Inderect development with the presence of a trochophore larva (link to annelids), and in most cases also a veliger larva.

Trochophore larvae is a free-swimming ciliated larvae of most molluscs. In some molluscs the trochophore develops into the adult, but in other molluscs (e.g. gastropods) there is a second larval stage called the veliger

Molluscan Larval Stages

Mainly Gills, however terrestrial species have envolved lungs

Circulatory system (blood)

Gastropods

Water current

Measurement method

Terimakasih..

Tugas kelompok mollusca

Membuat laporan/artikel tentang proses di bawah ini :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Respiration system Reproductive system Digestive system Nerves system Locomotion system Circulatory (blood)system

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