Geology and the

Flood of Noah
By Chris Ashcraft

1 Peter 3:15 Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone

who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have.

Northwest Creation Network

http://nwcreation.net
 Worldviews:
Atheism vs. Theism

A 1998 report in Nature finds that, "among the top

natural scientists, disbelief is greater than ever; almost
total". The biologists in the National Academy of
Science possess the lowest rate of belief of all the
science disciplines, with only 5.5% believing in God.

Nature Vol. 394:6691 (1998)

 Origin of the Fossil Record
• Geologists claim the fossil
record was formed through
the same natural processes
occurring today, and interpret
it as a history of life on earth
over >600 million years.

• The Bible says there was a

supernaturally-based global
flood, and creation scientists
interpret the fossil record as
being the result of the flood of
Noah.

Monument Valley, Utah

 The Flood of Noah
Genesis 6 12
And God saw the earth,
and behold, it was corrupt; for all
flesh had corrupted their way upon
the earth. 13 And God said to Noah, "I
have determined to make an end of
all flesh; for the earth is filled with
violence through them; behold, I will
destroy them with the earth. 14 Make
yourself an ark of gopher wood;
make rooms in the ark, and cover it
inside and out with pitch. 15 This is
how you are to make it: the length of
the ark three hundred cubits, its
Noah’s Ark breadth fifty cubits, and its height
450ft long / 75ft wide thirty cubits.
/ 45ft high
 The Flood of Noah
Genesis 6 18
But I will establish my
covenant with you; and you shall
come into the ark, you, your sons,
your wife, and your sons' wives with
you. 19 And of every living thing of
all flesh, you shall bring two of
every sort into the ark, to keep them
alive with you; they shall be male
and female. 20 Of the birds
according to their kinds, and of the
animals according to their kinds, of
every creeping thing of the ground
according to its kind, two of every
Noah’s ark preserved
sort shall come in to you, to keep
two of every living them alive.
kind of land animal.
 The Flood of Noah
Genesis 7
The mountains were covered
by 22.5 ft, and everything on
land that breathed died.
19
And the waters
prevailed so mightily upon the
earth that all the high mountains
under the whole heaven were
covered; 20 the waters prevailed
above the mountains, covering
them fifteen cubits deep. 21 And all
flesh died that moved upon the
earth, birds, cattle, beasts, all
swarming creatures that swarm
upon the earth, and every man; 22
everything on the dry land in
whose nostrils was the breath of
life died..
 Atheism vs. Theism
Naturalists vs. Supernaturalists

Could a naturalist
correctly interpret a world
with a supernatural
history?
Geology and the Flood of Noah
• Biblical Testimony
• Catastrophism vs. Uniformitarianism
– Bias Against Catastrophism
• Fossil Record
– Fossiliferous Rock
– Geological Column
– Fossil Sorting
• Mechanisms / Examples
– Strata Formation
– Widespread Deposits
– Canyons
– Fossilization
– Fossils
– Biblical Flood
 Catastrophism vs
Uniformitarianism
• Catastrophism - Prior to the 19th
century it was largely assumed by
geologists that catastrophes such
as the Biblical flood were
responsible for the majority of the
earth’s fossiliferous rock.

• Uniformitarianism - Around 1850

the non-catastrophic view of
earth’s geology began to develop,
which suggested that gradual
Is the Grand Canyon
processes and uniform intensities
evidence of a catastrophe
were instead responsible.
or millions of years of
erosion?
Bias Against Catastrophism

In the 1920s Harlen

Bretz proposed that
features in eastern
Washington must have
been formed by flooding
of catastrophic
proportion.

Channeled Scablands
The Missoula Flood

Glacial Lake Missoula

covered over 3,000 square
miles of what is now western
Montana, and was over
2,000 feet deep at the edge
of the glacial dam.
Satellite Photo of Scablands
In about two days
the waters of Lake
Missoula destroyed
and reshaped the
US landscape from
Montana to the
Pacific Ocean.

Flood waters were

over 400 feet deep
and traveling at
over 90 miles per
hour, and equal to
Landsat Photo ten times the
discharge of all the
Earth's rivers
today.
Giant Ripples
Rolling hills west of
Spokane are actually
giant ripples up to 30 feet
high and 250 feet apart.
Channeled Scablands
 Harlen Bretz
The Seattle Times - 2/10/2003
Natural Wonders: Rock of Ages’ Roiling Tale
“Mystified by the forces that could have exposed such
massive features, Bretz set out in the early 1920s to solve the
riddle. He returned with a hypothesis that was dismissed as near
lunacy: in a region that sees less moisture in a year than Seattle
gets in a month, Bretz concluded the entire landscape was
carved by water.”
“Bretz, according to some reports, was quickly isolated as a
crank, while his critics' theories continued to make it into
textbooks. Fifty years later, Bretz was hailed as a hero, and in
1979, at age 96, given geology's highest honor — the Penrose
Medal, which rewards one researcher each year for exceptional
contributions to geology.”
“Two years later, he passed away.”
Bretz Dedication Placque

Dry Falls Visitor Center

Fossil Record
Fossils - A trace or
remnant of preexisting
life embedded and
preserved in the earth’s
crust.

Fossil Record -
– A “recording” of history.
– A record of the relative
times of death of
preexisting life.
 Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary rock
typically forms when
eroded particles
settle out of fluid and
solidify into a rock.
– Sandstone (mostly
quartz)
– Shale (fine silt and
clay)
– Limestone (calcite
from shells)

Arches National Monument

 Strata
Sedimentary rock
typically exists as distinct
layers or strata.

• Superimposed - Oldest strata

lies on the bottom with
successively younger above
• Original Horizontality -
particles settle by gravity, so
strata was originally horizontal.
• Lateral Continuity - originally
extended in all directions until
The Grand Canyon, Arizona
thinned or terminated.
 Geological
Column
• The “Geological
column” is the name for
the cross section of
rock layers that cover
the earth.

• All of the layers of the

geological column can
be found on less than
1% of the earth’s
surface.
Sedimentary Rock Extent

Exposed Rock Layers in

the USA
 Sedimentary Rock Depth
In most places sedimentary
rock is hundreds of feet thick,
and in other places there is
kilometers of thickness.

Limestone exists in such vast

quantities it has been used in
the construction of tremendous
monuments such as the
pyramids and the sphinx, which
are made entirely of this
sedimentary rock.

Limestone Monuments
 Strata Correlation
The order of layers in the
geological column was deduced
by examining and correlating
strata from various location.

Exposed strata is examined for

characteristics it contains, such
as index fossils, and
compared with layers visible in
other locations.

Layers similar to these in Bryce

Canyon can be found elsewhere
in Utah and other states such as
Colorado.
Bryce Canyon National Park
 Correlating Sedimentary Rock Strata

Correlating Sedimentary Rock Strata

 Fossil Sorting
Assumptions:
1) Fossil sorting is believed to
represent the history of life
on earth.
2) Fossils in the lowest layers
are believed to have lived
before those in upper
layers.
3) The first appearance of a
fossil is believe to be the
time when it evolved.
4) The last appearance of a
fossil is believe to be the
time it went extinct.

Geological Column
 Out of Place Fossils
Assumption:
The last appearance of a
fossil is the time when it
went extinct. ???

The Coelacanth was thought

to have gone extinct with the
dinosaurs 65 million years
ago until it was discovered off
the coast of Madagascar.

Coelacanth
Living Fossil
Living Fossils
• Crocodiles - dates back 230 million years
• Army Ants - dates back 100 million years
• Cockroaches - dates back 350 million years
• Coelacanth - dates back 400 million years
• Crinoid or Sea Lilly dates back 150 million years
• Cycads dates back 240 million years
• Dragonfly dates back 230 million years
• Ginkgo dates back 270 million years
• Horseshoe Crab - dates back 300 million years
• Nautilus - dates back 500 million years
• Neopilina molluscs - dates back 400 million years
• Salamanders dates back 150 million years
• Sturgeon dates back 250 million years
• Tuatara dates back 200 million years.
• Velvet Worm dates back 500 million years
• Wollemi Pine - dates back 150 million years
 Marine Fossils Everywhere

Marine fossils are found on almost every mountain

range in the world (Alps, Andes, etc.), and provide clear
evidence that the oceans covered the continents.
 Marine Fossils

Marine fossils
are found in
every layer of
the geological
column, and
are so
common, they
are used as
index fossils.
 The Flood of Noah
Genesis 8 2 the fountains of the deep
and the windows of the heavens were
closed, the rain from the heavens was
restrained, 3 and the waters receded
from the earth continually. At the end
of a hundred and fifty days the waters
had abated; 4 and in the seventh
month, on the seventeenth day of the
month, the ark came to rest upon the
mountains of Ar'arat. 5 And the waters
continued to abate until the tenth
month; in the tenth month, on the first
day of the month, the tops of the
Flooding continued
for 150 days mountains were seen.
Fossil Sorting
Sorting Order of Fossils:

•Man
•Warm blooded terrestrials
•Cold blooded terrestrials
•Free swimming
•Bottom dwelling

Factors Affecting Survival:

•Habitat Elevation
•Mobility vs. Sessile
•Environmental Tolerance
•Intelligence
 They deliberately ignore this fact

2 Peter 3:3-6 First of all you must understand this, that

scoffers will come in the last days with scoffing,
following their own passions 4 and saying, "Where is the
promise of his coming? For ever since the fathers fell
asleep, all things have continued as they were from the
beginning." 5 They deliberately ignore this fact, that by
the word of God heavens existed long ago, and an earth
formed out of water and by means of water, 6 through
which the world that then existed was deluged with
water and perished.
Geology and the Flood of Noah
• Biblical Testimony
• Catastrophism vs. Uniformitarianism
– Bias Against Catastrophism
• Fossil Record
– Fossiliferous Rock
– Geological Column
– Fossil Sorting
• Mechanisms / Examples
– Strata Formation
– Widespread Deposits
– Canyons
– Fossilization
– Fossils
– Biblical Flood
Strata
Sedimentary rock typically
exists as distinct layers or
strata.

Law of Superposition - is a
fundamental interpretation
of Earth’s history, which
states the oldest strata lies
on the bottom with
successively younger
layers above.
Relative Age Dating
"A is older than B”. Most rock
strata were named and
assigned old ages before the
first use of radioisotope
dating methods.

• Law of lateral continuity: layers extend laterally

in all directions.
• Law of superposition: the oldest layer is at the
bottom of the sequence and the youngest is at
the top.
• Law of inclusions: any piece of rock that has
become included in another rock or body of
sediment must be older
• Law of cross-cutting: any feature that cuts
across a rock or body of sediment must be
younger.
 Strata Formation

Bryce Canyon
National Park

Small Particles

Medium Particles
Layers form anytime Large Particles
particles are suspended in
fluid then allowed to settle.
Mechanisms of Rapid
Strata Deposition

• Rivers
• Landslides
• Mudflows
• Turbidity currents
• Liquefaction
Several layers form simultaneously
where sediments are flowing.
Simultaneous Strata Formation
 Turbidity Currents
Turbidity currents
in a laboratory flume

Underwater landslides driven by gravity,

which pulls sediment rich water downward.
 Turbidites
• Turbidites - Sandstone
deposits resulting from
turbidity current
underwater landslides,
which carry particles of
widely different sizes.

• Turbidite Characteristics
– Graded Bedding -
coarse particles on
the bottom and finer
particles on top
– Many thin layers

Deep Water Turbidites

Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas
 Widespread Turbidites
Tapeats Sandstone
• Graded bed - Lowest layer
possesses coarse-grained
sandstone and large boulders.
• Thin layers formed by a series of
underwater flows of sand.
• Total thickness 125 – 325 feet

About 30% of all sedimentary

rocks in the Grand Canyon are
turbidites formed through
deposition by turbidity currents.
Grand Canyon, Arizona
 Widespread Turbidites
Tapeats Sandstone
(light color) covers most of North
America

– Shepherds Point, Utah

– Ventura Basin, CA
– Marathon, TX
– Grand Canyon, AZ
– Castle Point, New Zealand

Some geologists suggest that 50%

of the world's sedimentary rocks
might be turbidites.

Turbidity Currents Across

North America
 Liquefaction

Soils can become liquefied and form strata when saturated

with water and disturbed by actions such as earthquakes.
 Rapid Strata
Formation
Touchet beds
Missoula Flood
Slackwater Deposits

Near Walla Walla, WA there

are up to 40 distinct
rhythmite layers exposed in
the Burlingame Canyon,
that were formed during the
Burlingame Canyon Missoula Flood.
 Mount St. Helens
The eruptions at Mt. St. Helens
were an important geological
event for creation science.
Rapid deposition and erosion
occurred providing a model of
the type of activity taking place
during the great Biblical flood of
Noah.
 March 19, 1982
Rapid Strata Formation
at Mt. St. Helens
June 12, 1980

May 18, 1980

Toutle River, Mt. St. Helens

Stratified layers up to 400 feet thick formed as a result of landslides, air fall
tephra, pyroclastic flow, and mudflows, during the Mt. St. Helens eruptions.
Rapid Erosion at Mt. St. Helens

Little Grand Canyon

Toutle River, Mt. St. Helens

On March 19, 1982 a small eruption melted the snow causing a

mud flow, which eroded a canyon system up to 140 feet deep.
Rapid Erosion of Burlingame Canyon

In 1926 the
Burlingame Canyon
was observed to
have formed in less
than six days.

It measures 1500
feet long, up to 120
feet deep, and 120
feet wide.
Burlingame Canyon
 “Spilling from the crater, Loowit Falls
reshapes the north slope of the volcano.
‘You’d expect a hardrock canyon to be
thousands, even hundreds of thousands
of years old,’ says Peter Frenzen,
monument scientist, ‘but this was cut in

Rapid Erosion at Mt. St. Helens

less than a decade.’” National Geographic,
May 2000, p. 121.

Loowit Falls Canyon

Mt. St. Helens

100ft deep canyon in hard basaltic rock

formed on Mt. St. Helens from avalanches.
 The Grand Canyon

Secular geologists have taught that the Colorado river eroded the Grand
Canyon over 3-5 million years based on uniformitarianism assumptions.
Grand Canyon Catastrophe

Creation scientists have taught

for many years that the Grand
Canyon was eroded rapidly when
a dam on the northern end burst
causing a massive catastrophic
flood of water to cut through the
Colorado plateau rapidly.

Grand Canyon, Monument to Catastrophe

by Steven A. Austin, ed.: 1994, Institute
for Creation Research, Santee, Calif.
ISBN # 0-932766-33-1
 Grand Canyon; Grand and Young
Secular geologists now
believe that a massive flash
floods have occurred, which
resulted from breached lava
dams. As much as a third of
the canyon's depth may
have been cut in the blink of
a geologic eye.
They found evidence of a
400,000 cfs flow that
occurred about 4,000 years
ago.
Grand Canyon; Grand and Young
University of Arizona - 2003
http://www.uagrad.org/Alumnus/Winter03/canyon.html
 Fossilization
according to uniformitarianism

After death, the ammonite

slowly sinks to the sea floor.
Scavengers feed on the
fleshy body of the creature,
and after only several weeks
all that remains is the shell.

http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/
 Fossilization
according to uniformitarianism

Several months after death the

shell gradually becomes covered
with silt and sand. These layers
continue to build, providing a shield
around the shell and protecting it
from damage. Time continues to
pass and more and more layers
are deposited. After a few hundred
years the shell is several feet
beneath the surface.

http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/
 Fossilization
according to uniformitarianism

Gradually the chemicals in the shell

undergo a series of changes. As the
shell slowly decays, water infused with
minerals passes through it, replacing the
chemicals in the shell with rock-like
minerals (Calcite, Iron or Silica). Over
millions of years the original shell is
completely replaced by the minerals and
what remains is a rock-like copy of the
original shell. The fossil has the same
shape as the original object, but is
actually rock.

http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/
 Evidence of Rapid
Burial
Geologists claim that fossilization requires
millions of years to occur. However, many fossils
have been found with fully articulated skeletons,
hair, scales, feathers, and soft fleshy parts such
as skin, cartilage, unborn fetuses and stomachs
containing the animals' last meal.

From the marrow cavity of a fossilized

Tyrannosaurus rex thighbone, scientists have
extracted soft tissue. The flexible tissue can
be stretched (see arrow) and returns to its
original form. March 2005.
Dinosaur Found in Stomach of Mammal
Jan 2005
 Fossil
Fleshy parts fossilized. Did this
Fish
fish survive decomposition for
millions of years?
 Fossilized Leaves

Carbonized plant Thinnfeldia feistmanteli, Australia.

Source: Museum Victoria.
http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/prehistoric/image_html/mr007225.html
Fossilized Horse

Source: Messel Pit Fossil Site

http://www.unesco-welterbe.de/en/
 Petrified Wood
Wood decomposes extremely fast
because it is made of pure sugar
(cellulose), which is the preferred
food for decomposers. Wood and
bone will only become fossilized if
buried or submerged rapidly
following death in a high salt
solution where carbonates are
precipitating.
Petrified Forest, Utah

US Patent for Petrified Wood

Patent No. 4,612,050
“A mineralized sodium silicate solution for the
application to wood has a composition
causing it to penetrate the wood and jell within
the wood so as to give the wood the non-
burning characteristics of petrified wood.”
 Rapid Oil Formation
Geologists have claimed that petroleum formation from plant and
animal remains requires more than 100 millions of years, but recent
experiments have shown that oil can be produced under the right
conditions in a matter of minutes.

“Experiments by the U.S. Bureau of mines showed that petroleum (oil)

can be produced from organic material in only 20 minutes.” Hayden R.
Appell, Y.C. Fu, Sam Friedman, et al, “Converting Organic Wastes to Oil,”
RL-7560 (Washington, D.C., United States Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Mines, 1971.)

" British scientists claimed to have invented a way to turn household

garbage into oil suitable for home heating or power plant use. 'We are
doing in 10 minutes what it has taken nature 150 million years to do',
said Noel McAuliffe of Manchester University..." Sentinel Star, 2/26/1982
 Rapid Oil Formation
• Changing World Technologies in
Philadelphia has constructed a
DISCOVER Vol. 24 No. 5 (May 2003) plant that can change almost any
carbon based matter into oil.
• The process requires:
– super-hydration
– modestly high temperatures
– modestly high pressures
– 15 minutes cooking time
• "The chief difference in our process
is that we make water a friend rather
than an enemy," he says. "The other
Thermal Depolymerization processes all tried to drive out
Plant in Philadelphia water. We drive it in, inside this
tank, with heat and pressure. We
super-hydrate the material.”.. Brian
Appel CEO
 Rapid Coal Formation
Researchers have shown that plant matter can be
turned into coal in a matter of hours.

"A rather startling and serendipitous discovery resulted....These

observations suggest that in their formation, high rank
coals,....were probably subjected to high temperature at some
stage in their history. A possible mechanism for formation of
these high rank coals could have been a short time, rapid
heating event." [Six Hours], GEORGE R. HILL (Dean of College of
Mines & Mineral Industries at the University of Utah), Chemical
Technology, May, 1972, pp. 292-296.
 Human Artifacts in Coal
Sulfur Springs Arkansas
Nov. 27 - 1948
“While I was working in the Municipal
Electric Plant in Thomas, Okla. in 1912, I
came upon a solid chuck of coal which
was too large to use. I broke it with a
sledge hammer. This iron pot fell from
the center, leaving the impression, or
mould of the pot in a piece of the coal.
Jim Stull (an employee of the company)
witnessed the breaking of the coal, and
saw the pot fall out.
Creation Evidences Museum, I traced the source of the coal and found
Glen Rose, Texas. that it came from Wilburton, Oklahoma
Mines.”
Frank J. Kennord
 Polystrate Tree in
Sandstone and Coal Evidence of
Rapid Burial
Polystrate Fossils

Petrified tree trunks are found

that frequently cross several
strata proving the layers were
deposited at the same time
instead of over millions of
years.
 Yellowstone’s Petrified Forest

Yellowstone’s
Petrified Forest

Across the valley rise the slopes of Specimen Ridge, but the forest you see
there today is only the latest chapter in a remarkable story. Buried within the
volcanic rocks that compose the mountain are twenty-seven distinct layers of
fossil forests that flourished 50 million years ago.
 Vertical Trees in Spirit Lake

Upright Floating Logs

at Mt. St. Helens

Trees floating upright in Spirit Lake suggest a

mechanisms for the formation of polystrate trees.
 Mechanism for Polystrate Trees

Upright Floating Logs in Spirit Lake

It was found that these floating trees would sink to the bottom
in an upright position and become rapidly buried in sediment.
Source of the Great Flood

Genesis 7:11 In the six

hundredth year of Noah's
life, in the second month,
on the seventeenth day of
the month, on the same
day all the fountains of
the great deep burst
open, and the floodgates
of the sky were opened.
 Source of the Great Flood

Mid Oceanic Ridge / Lithosphere Plates

The flood possibly began when the earth's crust was fractured
releasing subterranean caverns of water and magma.
 Source of the Great Flood
• During the flood of Noah
subterranean fountains persisted for
150 days. (Gen 7:11-24)

• Spring water such as the famous

Artesian Wells originate from ancient
underground aquifers like the
Ogallala aquifer, which spans 8
states in the US.

• These buried waters are possibly a

remnants of the fountains of the great
deep that bursts forth during the
Biblical flood.
Fountains of the Deep
 Conclusion
The Bible states there was a worldwide flood, and terrestrial
organisms were saved from this event by supernatural
intervention. A naturalist cannot correctly interpret the
geological evidence from the Biblical global flood because
supernatural intervention was involved.

Although the world is covered in hundreds of feet of

sedimentary rock, the presence of the organisms alive today
are being explained naturalistically. To a naturalist, these
layers of sediment must have accumulated at a rate the
animals could survive naturally. Slow and gradual deposition
over millions of years and repeated local floods are required
to explain the existence of the geological column and the
persistence of life through natural mechanisms.
 Age Dating Techniques
Radiometric dating techniques measure
the quantity of radioactive atomic
isotopes within a sample, and
C-14 Decay N-14 determine its age based on the decay
rate.
• C-14 : Carbon life forms
Uranium Decay Lead
• Other Isotopes : Igneous rocks

Potassium Decay Argon Assumptions

Parent and Daughter Isotopes
• Amount of parent?
• Amount of daughter isotope?
• Constant rate of formation or decay?
• Closed system - no adding or
subtracting of materials?
 C-14 Production and Use
Cosmic Rays (radiation)

Collision with C-14 combines with oxygen to form

atmospheric N carbon dioxide (CO2)
forms C-14

C-14 is produced in the atmosphere and assimilated into

plants as carbon dioxide then passes through the food chain.
 Problem with C-14 Dating
Critical Assumption - The amount of
C-14 produced in the
C-14 atmosphere has been constant
decays throughout history.

Problem - It has been determined

Organisms are dated by
that the present production rate
measuring the radioactive
of C-14 exceeds the decay rate
emissions of C-14.
by as much as 25 percent.

Note: In an attempt to correct for the increase in C-14 levels in

the atmosphere, the sample being dated is compared with
emissions from a standardizing sample that lived early in the
19th century, before the industrial revolution which is thought
to have caused increased C-14 atmospheric levels.
Excessive C-14 Dates
Conclusion - Our atmosphere has
changed and may still be changing.
– Rainbow only after the flood
– Ozone Hole
– Global Warming

It is likely that there was less C-14

being produced in the atmosphere
before the flood. Organisms are
dated based on current C-14 levels
and those with small amounts of C-
14 are believed to possess less due
to decay and therefore calculated to
be older than is probably correct.
 Igneous Isotope Age Dating
Radioactive isotopes - Used to date
igneous rocks and thereby determine a
minimum age of sedimentary strata
associated with them. Sedimentary
rocks can not be directly dated with
isotopic dating techniques.

Assumptions
– Original amount of parent isotope?
– Original amount of daughter?
– Constant rates?
– Closed system?

Igneous Dike
 Basaltic rocks of Uinkaret Plateau Inconsistent
six K-Ar model ages
five Rb-Sr model ages
0.01 to 17 million
1270 to 1390 million
Age Dating
one Rb-Sr isochron age 1340 million
one Pb-Pb isochron age 2600 million

Paleozoic

Precambrian

Gardenas Basalt (Precambrian)

five K-Ar model ages 791 to 853 million
six Rb-Sr model ages 980 to 1100 million
one K-Ar isochron age 715 million
one Rb-Sr isochron age 1070 million
 Excessive Age Dating
• Lava flows at Mt. Ngaurhoe,
New Zealand
– Potassium-argon: 275,000
– Reality: 1949, 1954, 1975
• Mt. Etna basalt, Sicily
– Potassium-argon: 140,000 –
350,000
– Reality: 1972
• Hualalai basalt, Hawaii
– Potassium-argon: 1.4 – 22
million
– Reality: AD 1801
• Sunset Crater, Northern Arizona
– Potassium-argon: 200,000+ Mt. Etna, Sicily
– Reality: AD 1065
 Is Radiometric Dating Reliable?
Evolutionist William Stansfield, Ph.D. The Science of Evolution (New
York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1977), p. 84.

"It is obvious that radiometric techniques may not be the

absolute dating methods that they are claimed to be. Age
estimates on a given geological stratum by different radiometric
methods are often quite different (sometimes by hundreds of
millions of years). There is no absolutely reliable long-term
radiological 'clock'.”
Is Radiometric Dating Reliable?
Frederic B. Jueneman, "Secular Catastrophism," Industrial
Research and Development, Vol. 24 (June 1982), p. 21.

"The age of our globe is presently thought to be some 4.5

billion years, based on radio-decay rates of uranium and
thorium. Such 'confirmation' may be shortlived, as nature is not
to be discovered quite so easily. There has been in recent
years the horrible realization that radio-decay rates are not as
constant as previously thought, nor are they immune to
environmental influences. And this could mean that the atomic
clocks are reset during some global disaster, and events which
brought the Mesozoic to a close may not be 65 million years
ago, but rather, within the age and memory of man."
The fossil record is not evidence for evolution,
but rather the Biblical global flood of Noah.

Under-the-Rim With the Hoodoos

Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah
 Rapid Oil Formation

Thermal Depolymerization Plant in Philadelphia

Was There a Global Flood?
BIBLICAL SUMMARY
• The 450 ft long ark was bore up by the
flood, and free floating for 7 months and
17 days, (Gen 6:15, 7:17, 8:4)
• The flood water covered the mountain
by 15 cubits or 22.5 feet.
(Gen 7: 19-20)
• The ark came to rest on the mountains
of Ararat 2.5 months before the tops of
the mountains were seen.
(Gen 8:4-5)
• Everything that breathed on dry land
died. All birds, cattle, beasts, swarming
creatures, and every human.
(Gen 7:21-22)
 Origin of Life
Natural or Supernatural?
Evolutionists claim that life on
earth developed through purely
natural processes. However, the
Bible says God created many
kind of organisms simultaneously,
including humans.

Today our ecosystem requires

the simultaneous coexistence of
both producers, consumers, and
also decomposers. The
extinction of any of these groups
would mean the end of life on
earth as we know it.
Evolution
Living populations change
through time by a process that
allows them to adapt to their
habitat or niche. Species become
individually specialized for their
specific local ecosystem.

The Bible says many kinds of

animals were saved from the
flood as a single breeding pair or
one species. Following their
reintroduction from the ark, many
more unique species have
developed.
 Uniformitarianism
• James Hutton (1785) -
Anticatastrophism - uniformity
of causes. The doctrine that
sedimentary rocks are the
result of cyclic processes of
decay and rejuvenation.

• Charles Lyell (1875)

Gradualism - uniformity of
intensity. It was argued that
the same gradual processes
and intensities occurring today
were largely responsible for
Charles Lyell geologic formations.
 Index Fossils
• Particular layers in the geological
column are identified by the
unique fossil they contain.
(index fossils)

• Index fossils must be widespread

on earth, but restricted to a limit
thickness of strata.

• Most index fossils are marine

organisms such as the trilobite or
ammonite.

Geological Column
 Rainbow Bridge
Lake Powell, Utah