A presentation on Percolation Ponds and impounding structures

Author : Thanga Manoj BE. Civil Engineering., Final year

MEPCO Schlenk Engineering college, Sivakasi.

Impounding structures
Weirs Barrages Sluices Tanks Percolation Ponds Dams

Percolation Ponds

Characteristics of a Percolation Pond :

Should be constructed across a natural stream or a water course . Impound water for a longer time . Facilitate percolation of impounded water both horizontally and vertically . Should be located in the upstream .

( Impound resist or to keep for a long time )

Definition :
A percolation pond is a small water storage structure constructed across a water body to harvest the runoff from the catchment and impound for a longer time thereby recharging ground water storage in the zone of influence of pond .

Such ponds are very useful in harvesting the unutilized balance of the surface flow during period of availability and conserving it in the underground reservoirs .

Percolations ponds are found in abundant in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharastra, Gujarat, Karnataka

Tanks
an irrigation tank or tank is an artificial reservoir of any size .

 Storage tanks are an important part of any distribution system . Often a tank was constructed across a slope so to collect and store water by taking advantage of local mounds and depressions . Water can be pumped in and out at anytime .
TYPES 1. Ground tanks 2. Elevated tanks

Ground tanks

 Water is stored in reservoirs located at ground level. Water carries no additional pressures . MERITS 1. Lower initial cost of installation . 2. Low maintenance cost . 3. Greater safety . 4. Greater aesthetical value . 5. Lack of water pressure .
DEMERITS 1. Continuous pumping is necessary for continuous flow of water .

Isolated tanks
Neither receives water from an upper tank nor discharge its own surplus into a lower tank .

 Each tank gives a share to contribute the whole catchment TYPES OF CATCHMENT 1. Free catchment 2. Combined catchment

Free catchment catchment area which only drains into

the tank under consideration . Combined catchment area of the whole catchment above the tank under consideration .

Tank bunds
Small sized earth dam THREE TYPES 1. Homogenous embankment type 2. Zoned embankment type 3. Diaphragm type Side slope Depth :1 2.5m 2:1 5m

Smaller tanks

Larger tanks

Tank weirs ( Surplus escape weir )

Excess surplus water is spilled from a tank into the downstream channel so as to avoid the rise of water in the tank above the M.W.L TYPES OF TANK WEIRS 1. Masonry weirs with a vertical drop 2. Rock fill weirs with a sloping apron 3. Masonry weirs with a sloping masonry apron ( glacis ) FTL : Full Tank Level MWL : Maximum Water Level

Typical irrigation tank

Weirs

 The weir is a small overflow dam used to alter the flow characteristics of a river or stream . This is achieved by a raised crest . Other name is CHECK DAM .
TYPES Based on crests 1. Sharp crested weir 2. Non-sharp crested weir

 GRAVITY Weir When the wt. of the weir balances the uplift pressure caused by the head of the water seeping below the weir . NON GRAVITY Weir Here there are many dividing piers made of RCC . MASONRY Weir

 ROCK-FILL Weir

CONCRETE Weir

Sluices
Sluice is a water channel that is controlled at its head by a gate .

 It is a wooden or metal plate that slides in grooves in the sides of the channel . Used to control water levels and flow rates in rivers and canals.

Scouring sluices

 Otherwise called Under-sluices . The crest of the under-sluice portion of the weir is kept lower than the crest of the normal portion of the weir . The weir level is normally about 1 to 1.5m . The length of the weir is divided into no. of piers and gates are provided at all the gaps . This will help in scouring of deposited silt from the under-sluiced pocket .

to be contd

Types
FLAP SLUICE GATE
A fully automatic type, which is controlled by the pressure head across it; operation is similar to that of a check valve. It is a gate hinged at the top. When pressure is from one side, the gate is kept closed; a pressure from the other side opens the sluice when a threshold pressure is surpassed.

VERTICAL RISING SLUICE GATE

A plate sliding in the vertical direction, controlled by machinery.

Radial sluice gate

A structure, where a small part of a cylindrical surface serves as the gate, supported by radial constructions going through the cylinder's radius. On occasion, a counterweight is provided.

Rising sector sluice gate

Also a part of a cylindrical surface, which rests at the bottom of the channel and rises by rotating around its centre.

Needle sluice
A sluice formed by a number of thin needles held against a solid frame through water pressure as in a needle dam.